Table 2. Tactics used by the TI when attempting to influence marketing regulation.
| Strategy (number of times identified) | Tactic | Number of times identified, by geography | |
| Information (44) | Direct lobbying (meetings and correspondence with legislators/policymakers) | 23 : Africa –1 [38]; Asia –3 [45] [43] [46]; Australasia –2 [48] [37]; Europe –7 [36] [36] [54] [53] [53] [51] [52]; N.America –6 [65] [71] [63] [70] [37] [82]; S.America –3 [77] [76] [74]; Transnational –1 [81] | |
| Indirect lobbying (using third parties, including front groups, to lobby on the industry’s behalf) | 10 : Europe –5 [36] [36] [54] [53] [52]; N.America –5 [58] [68] [71] [61] [37] | ||
| Shaping the evidence base | Commissioning, writing (or ghost writing), or disseminating research/publications1 | 7 : Australasia –2 [47] [48]; Europe –2 [53] [51]; N.America –3 [71] [36] [37] | |
| Preparing position papers, technical reports or data on impacts (including economic impact studies) | 2 : Europe –2 [54] [53] | ||
| Establishing industry/policymaker collaboration (e.g. via working group, technical group, advisory group)/work alongside policymakers providing technical support/advice | 2 : Europe –2 [54] [51] | ||
| Constituency building (42) | External constituency building | Form alliances with and mobilise other industry sectors/business/trade organisations | 15 : Asia –1 [46]; Australasia –1 [48]; Europe –5 [36] [53] [53] [52] [51]; N.America –6 [68] [60] [71] [63] [66] [37]; S.America –2 [77] [76] |
| Media advocacy (press releases, publicity campaigns, public hearings, interviews) | 7 : Europe –3 [50] [54] [53]; N.America –4 [71] [37] [82] [83] | ||
| Form alliances with or mobilize unions/civil society organizations/consumers/employees/the public | 6 : Australasia –1 [48]; Europe –3 [54] [53] [53]; N.America –2 [60] [61] | ||
| Creation of front groups or astroturf organisations2 | 3 : Europe –2 [53] [51]; N.America –1 [60] | ||
| Internal constituency building | Collaboration between companies/development of pan-industry group or industry trade association3 | 11 : Asia –1 [40]; Australasia –2 [47] [48]; Europe –3 [36] [54] [51]; N.America –2 [36] [37]; S.America –2 [77] [76]; Transnational –1 [81] | |
| Policy substitution4 (32) | Develop/promote (new or existing) voluntary code/self-regulation | 18 : Asia –7 [40] [45] [41] [42] [43] [44] [46]; Australasia –1 [47]; Europe –5 [36] [50] [53] [52] [51]; N.America –2 [55] [62]; S.America –2 [77] [76]; Transnational –1 [81] | |
| Develop/promote alternative regulatory policy5 | 8 : Asia –1 [46]; Australasia –1 [48]; Europe –1 [53]; N.America –2 [71] [64]; S.America –2 [77] [74]; Transnational –1 [83] | ||
| Develop/promote non-regulatory initiative (generally seen to be ineffective/less effective, e.g. education programmes) | 6 : Africa –1 [38]; Asia –1 [46]; N.America –1 [83]; S.America –2 [76] [74]; Transnational –1 [81] | ||
| Legal (15) | Pre-emption | 6 : N.America –6 [55] [69] [70] [63] [64] [66] | |
| Using litigation/threat of legal action | 9 : Africa –2 [37] [37]; Asia –1 [39]; Australasia –1 [48]; Europe –2 [54] [79]; N.America –3 [57] [60] [72] | ||
| Constituency fragmentation and destabilization (2) | Preventing the emergence of, neutralising and/or discrediting potential opponents (individuals, organisations or coalitions) | 2 : N.America –2 [71] [61] | |
| Financial Incentive (2) | Providing current or offering future employment to those in influential role | 1 : Europe –1 [53] | |
| Gifts, entertainment or other direct financial inducement | 1 : Europe –1 [52] | ||
1
Including research/publications intended to undermine or misrepresent existing evidence.
2
Creation of group for specific purpose of working against proposed policy.
3
Routine use of a trade association was not counted, industry collaboration had to be ‘active’.
4
Includes efforts to prevent the implementation of ‘anticipated’ policies.
5
In some cases, industry uses legislators to promote their alternative policies.