TABLE 3—
Cox Proportional Hazard Ratios for Early Life Conditions of Mortality: The Woodlawn Project, Chicago, IL, 2004
| Adjusted HRa (95% CI) |
|||||
| Predictors | No. of Participants | No. of Deaths | Crude HR (95% CI) | Males (n = 606) | Females (n = 636) |
| Gender | |||||
| Female (Ref) | 636 | 25 | 1.00 | NA | NA |
| Male | 606 | 62 | 2.70* (1.70, 4.30) | NA | NA |
| Early SES: poverty or welfare receipt | |||||
| No (Ref) | 583 | 38 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 606 | 49 | 0.94 (0.61, 1.45) | 1.43 (0.85, 2.42) | 0.50 (0.21, 1.15) |
| Family type | |||||
| Mother with other adults (Ref) | 699 | 42 | 1.00 | NA | NA |
| Mother alone | 459 | 36 | 1.33 (0.85, 2.07) | NA | NA |
| Mother absent | 84 | 9 | 1.83 (0.89, 3.75) | NA | NA |
| Foster care | NA | NA | |||
| No (Ref) | 1219 | 82 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 23 | 5 | 3.61* (1.46, 8.90) | 4.17** (1.45, 11.93) | 2.22 (0.29, 17.30) |
| Cognitive ability: first-grade math | |||||
| A or B (Ref) | 528 | 27 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| C or D | 625 | 53 | 1.68* (1.06, 2.68) | 1.09 (0.63, 1.89) | 3.51* (1.16, 10.58) |
| Shy and aggressive behavior | |||||
| Neither (Ref) | 646 | 42 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Shy only | 202 | 15 | 1.15 (0.64, 2.07) | 1.08 (0.53, 2.20) | 0.87 (0.28, 2.71) |
| Aggressive only | 211 | 19 | 1.41 (0.82, 2.42) | 1.13 (0.59, 2.16) | 1.23 (0.43, 3.53) |
| Both shy and aggressive | 179 | 11 | 0.94 (0.49, 1.83) | 0.77 (0.35, 1.68) | 0.68 (0.15, 3.13) |
| Mother’s Symptom Inventory score | |||||
| Low (Ref) | 470 | 26 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Medium | 425 | 30 | 1.29 (0.76, 2.17) | 1.10 (0.59, 2.04) | 1.64 (0.57, 4.77) |
| High | 337 | 31 | 1.69* (1.01, 2.85) | 1.58 (0.84, 2.96) | 1.86 (0.66, 5.24) |
| Hospitalization by first grade | |||||
| No (Ref) | 991 | 62 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 251 | 25 | 1.61* (1.01, 2.56) | 1.24 (0.70, 2.20) | 2.02 (0.87, 4.73) |
| No. of deaths | 87 | 62 | 25 | ||
Note. CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; NA = not applicable; SES = socioeconomic status. The sample size was n = 1242 participants and n = 87 deaths.
a
Used multiple imputations, and adjusted for poverty, foster care, math grade, shy and aggressive behavior, mother’s symptom inventory, and hospitalization.
*P < .05; **P < .01.