Table 2.
Risk of Ulcerative Colitis according to intake of dietary fat, types of fat, and specific fatty acids‡
| Quintile 1 | Quintile 2 | Quintile 3 | Quintile 4 | Quintile 5 | P(linear trend) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Fats | ||||||
| Number of cases | 74 | 66 | 64 | 69 | 65 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.91 (0.65 – 1.27) | 0.88 (0.63 – 1.23) | 0.98 (0.71 – 1.37) | 0.96 (0.69 – 1.35) | 0.94 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 0.91 (0.65 – 1.28) | 0.89 (0.63 – 1.25) | 1.00 (0.71 – 1.39) | 0.96 (0.68 – 1.35) | 0.94 |
| Saturated Fats | ||||||
| Number of cases | 76 | 60 | 61 | 81 | 60 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.79 (0.56 – 1.11) | 0.83 (0.59 – 1.16) | 1.09 (0.79 – 1.49) | 0.85 (0.60 – 1.19) | 0.82 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 0.80 (0.57 – 1.12) | 0.84 (0.60 – 1.18) | 1.10 (0.80 – 1.52) | 0.84 (0.59 – 1.19) | 0.82 |
| Trans Unsaturated Fats | ||||||
| Number of cases | 60 | 64 | 68 | 72 | 74 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.08 (0.75 – 1.53) | 1.15 (0.81 – 1.63) | 1.23 (0.87 – 1.75) | 1.31 (0.92 – 1.86) | 0.09 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 1.09 (0.76 – 1.55) | 1.18 (0.83 – 1.68) | 1.26 (0.89 – 1.79) | 1.34 (0.94 – 1.92) | 0.07 |
| Mono-unsaturated Fats | ||||||
| Number of cases | 69 | 61 | 77 | 64 | 67 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.90 (0.64 – 1.28) | 1.13 (0.82 – 1.57) | 0.96 (0.68 – 1.35) | 1.05 (0.74 – 1.47) | 0.59 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 0.91 (0.64 – 1.29) | 1.15 (0.82 – 1.59) | 0.97 (0.69 – 1.37) | 1.04 (0.74 – 1.46) | 0.61 |
| Poly-unsaturated Fats | ||||||
| Number of cases | 64 | 75 | 64 | 76 | 59 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.17 (0.83 – 1.63) | 1.06 (0.75 – 1.49) | 1.30 (0.93 – 1.81) | 1.03 (0.72 – 1.47) | 0.70 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 1.19 (0.85 – 1.67) | 1.02 (0.72 – 1.45) | 1.28 (0.91 – 1.79) | 1.02 (0.72 – 1.47) | 0.69 |
| Long-chain n-3 PUFA|| | ||||||
| Number of cases | 75 | 73 | 58 | 72 | 60 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.88 (0.64 – 1.22) | 0.74 (0.53 – 1.05) | 0.91 (0.66 – 1.26) | 0.75 (0.54 – 1.07) | 0.22 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 0.88 (0.63 – 1.21) | 0.75 (0.52 – 1.04) | 0.89 (0.64 – 1.24) | 0.72 (0.51 – 1.01) | 0.13 |
| n-3 PUFA | ||||||
| Number of cases | 75 | 72 | 67 | 62 | 62 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.71 – 1.36) | 0.90 (0.64 – 1.25) | 0.88 (0.63 – 1.23) | 0.90 (0.64 – 1.26) | 0.49 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.71 – 1.36) | 0.90 (0.64 – 1.25) | 0.87 (0.62 – 1.22) | 0.88 (0.63 – 1.24) | 0.45 |
| n-6 PUFA | ||||||
| Number of cases | 69 | 70 | 67 | 66 | 66 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 1.04 (0.74 – 1.45) | 1.00 (0.71 – 1.41) | 1.04 (0.74 – 1.46) | 1.07 (0.76 – 1.51) | 0.61 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 1.05 (0.75 – 1.46) | 1.02 (0.72 – 1.43) | 1.04 (0.74 – 1.47) | 1.08 (0.77 – 1.52) | 0.59 |
| n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio | ||||||
| Number of cases | 77 | 70 | 69 | 66 | 56 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.91 (0.65 – 1.25) | 0.89 (0.64 – 1.24) | 0.85 (0.61 – 1.18) | 0.71 (0.50 – 1.00) | 0.04 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 0.91 (0.66 – 1.26) | 0.90 (0.65 – 1.24) | 0.85 (0.61 – 1.18) | 0.69 (0.49 – 0.98) | 0.03 |
| Arachidonic acid | ||||||
| Number of cases | 75 | 66 | 69 | 62 | 66 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.92 (0.66 – 1.29) | 0.98 (0.71 – 1.37) | 0.87 (0.62 – 1.21) | 0.93 (0.67 – 1.30) | 0.71 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 0.92 (0.66 – 1.28) | 0.98 (0.70 – 1.36) | 0.86 (0.61 – 1.21) | 0.90 (0.65 – 1.27) | 0.63 |
| Linoleic acid | ||||||
| Number of cases | 66 | 66 | 73 | 68 | 65 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.98 (0.70 – 1.38) | 1.09 (0.78 – 1.52) | 1.05 (0.74 – 1.47) | 1.04 (0.73 – 1.47) | 0.72 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 0.97 (0.69 – 1.37) | 1.11 (0.79 – 1.55) | 1.08 (0.77 – 1.52) | 1.04 (0.73 – 1.48) | 0.71 |
| Oleic acid | ||||||
| Number of cases | 68 | 61 | 71 | 74 | 64 | |
| Age-adjusted HR (95% CI) | 1.0 | 0.92 (0.65 – 1.30) | 1.06 (0.76 – 1.48) | 1.13 (0.81 – 1.58) | 1.00 (0.71 – 1.41) | 0.54 |
| Multivariate HR (95% CI) † | 1.0 | 0.92 (0.65 – 1.31) | 1.07 (0.77 – 1.50) | 1.14 (0.82 – 1.59) | 1.00 (0.70 – 1.41) | 0.55 |
NSAID – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, HR – hazard ratio, CI – confidence interval
‡
Cumulatively average energy-adjusted intake from 1984 (NHS I) or 1991 (NHS II)
#
per 100,000 person-years
†
Adjusted for age, cohort, smoking (never, past, current), body mass index (<20 kg/m2, 20–24.9kg/m2, 25–29 kg/m2, > 30kg/m2), oral contraceptive use (never, ever), use of post menopausal hormone therapy (premenopausal, postmenopausal hormone never user, past user, current user), regular use of NSAIDs (yes, no), regular use of aspirin (yes, no), total energy intake (quintile).
||
Long-chain n-3 PUFA comprises docosapentaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid