Table 3. Associations between carotene intake and risk of prostate cancer.
|
Quintiles of each nutrition intake |
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 (low) | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 (high) | P for trend | |
|
Alpha-carotene | ||||||
| Median alpha-carotene intake (μg day−1) | 105 | 175 | 236 | 317 | 496 | |
| Number of subjects | 3094 | 3094 | 3095 | 3094 | 3094 | |
| Person-years | 37 902 | 40 786 | 41 688 | 42 456 | 41 783 | |
| Number of events | 22 | 18 | 25 | 45 | 33 | |
| Number of events (per 1000 person-years) | 0.58 | 0.44 | 0.60 | 1.06 | 0.79 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.61 (0.33–1.15) | 0.74 (0.42–1.32) | 1.16 (0.69–1.95) | 0.81 (0.47–1.40) | 0.173 |
| Multivariable-adjusteda | 1.00 | 0.60 (0.32–1.13) | 0.71 (0.40–1.27) | 1.10 (0.65–1.86) | 0.74 (0.42–1.29) | 0.333 |
| Multivariable-adjustedb |
1.00 |
0.50 (0.26–0.98) |
0.55 (0.28–1.08) |
0.77 (0.39–1.51) |
0.46 (0.22–0.97) |
0.224 |
|
Beta-carotene | ||||||
| Median beta-carotene intake (μg day−1) | 986 | 1569 | 2107 | 2739 | 3718 | |
| Number of subjects | 3094 | 3094 | 3095 | 3094 | 3094 | |
| Person-years | 39 331 | 41 197 | 41 397 | 41 638 | 41 052 | |
| Number of events | 22 | 22 | 29 | 30 | 40 | |
| Number of events (per 1000 person-years) | 0.56 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 72.00 | 0.97 | |
| Age-adjusted | 1.00 | 0.77 (0.42–1.39) | 0.90 (0.51–1.57) | 0.83 (0.48–1.45) | 0.97 (0.57–1.65) | 0.218 |
| Multivariable-adjusteda | 1.00 | 0.74 (0.41–1.34) | 0.85 (0.49–1.50) | 0.79 (0.45–1.39) | 0.90 (0.52–1.54) | 0.351 |
| Multivariable-adjustedb | 1.00 | 0.65 (0.33–1.26) | 0.67 (0.33–1.37) | 0.52 (0.24–1.14) | 0.51 (0.22–1.19) | 0.200 |
a
Adjusted for age, body mass index (kg m−2), ethanol intake (current drinker or not), smoking status (three categories), daily green tea intake (yes or no) and work schedule (rotating-shift or not).
b
Adjusted further for saturated fat intake (quintiles), isoflavone intake (quintiles) and alpha-tocopherol intake (quintiles).