Table 4. Risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma for quartiles of dietary choline and betaine intake in Guangzhou, China.
| Cases (n=600) | Controls (n=600) | Without adjusted | Multivariate adjusteda | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Median (mg per day)b |
n |
Median (mg per day)b |
n |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
Odds ratio (95% CI) |
|
Quartile of total choline | ||||||
| Q1 | 125 | 204 | 121 | 150 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 170 | 180 | 173 | 150 | 0.86 (0.63–1.17) | 0.80 (0.57–1.11) |
| Q3 | 218 | 116 | 216 | 150 | 0.53 (0.38–0.75) | 0.45 (0.31–0.66) |
| Q4 |
285 |
100 |
286 |
150 |
0.47 (0.33–0.66) |
0.42 (0.29–0.61) |
|
P-trend |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
Quartile of betaine | ||||||
| Q1 | 112 | 208 | 101 | 150 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 211 | 158 | 206 | 150 | 0.77 (0.57–1.04) | 0.69 (0.50–0.96) |
| Q3 | 327 | 132 | 329 | 150 | 0.64 (0.46–0.87) | 0.56 (0.40–0.80) |
| Q4 |
539 |
102 |
548 |
150 |
0.50 (0.36–0.69) |
0.50 (0.35–0.72) |
|
P-trend |
|
|
|
|
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
Quartile of total choline + betaine | ||||||
| Q1 | 285 | 222 | 278 | 150 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Q2 | 411 | 155 | 407 | 150 | 0.69 (0.51–0.93) | 0.63 (0.45–0.89) |
| Q3 | 530 | 127 | 558 | 150 | 0.55 (0.40–0.76) | 0.48 (0.34–0.69) |
| Q4 |
761 |
96 |
779 |
150 |
0.42 (0.30–0.59) |
0.44 (0.30–0.64) |
| P-trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
Abbreviation: CI=confidence interval.
a
Crude and adjusted ORs (95% CI) from conditional logistic model. Covariates includes age, BMI, occupation, marital status, educational level, household income, current smoking, current drinking, exposure to potential toxic substances, multivitamin supplement, chronic rhinitis history, physical activity, dietary folate intake and daily energy intake (log-transformed).
b
Median percentage of total energy in cases and controls.