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. 2014 Jan 9;7(1):46–57. doi: 10.3390/ph7010046

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© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

PMC Copyright notice

Effect of ritonavir on the growth of pancreatic cancer cell lines with enhanced killing of PANC-1 cells in combination with gemcitabine: Cells were cultured for indicated time intervals with various concentrations of ritonavir. (A), (B) and (C) are BxPC-3, MIA PaCa-2, and PANC-1 cell lines, respectively. Data is presented as percentage of control DMSO-treated cells and represents the mean ± SD of triplicate cultures; (D) Phase contrast images taken at 100× magnification 48 h after ritonavir treatment of PANC-1 cells at indicated concentrations; (E) Gemcitabine-mediated cytotoxicity of PANC-1 cells with or without ritonavir. C: control; RTV: ritonavir; G: gemcitabine.