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. 2013 Nov 8;122(2):138–144. doi: 10.1289/ehp.1306656

Table 3.

Summary of results for co-pollutant adjustment for PM2.5 chemical constituents and associations with cardiovascular or respiratory hospital admissions, for constituents with significant associations in single-pollutant models.

Pollutant Admission Lag Single-pollutant effecta [% (95% CI)] Co-pollutant adjustment
Robustbto adjustment by Not robustbto adjustment by Range of central effect estimates (%)
Ca Cardiovascular 0 1.65 (0.50, 2.82) Br, Cl, K, Ni, S, Zn V 1.18–2.01
BC Cardiovascular 0 4.83 (3.08, 6.62) Al, Br, Cl, K, Ni, S, Si, Ti, V NA 4.48–6.00
V Cardiovascular 0 1.16 (0.43, 1.89) Al, Br, Ca, Cl, K, S, Si, Ti, Zn BC 0.39–1.17
Zn Cardiovascular 0 0.95 (0.05, 1.86) Cl Al, Br, Ca, Ni, S, Si, Ti, V 0.44–0.99
Al Respiratory 1 2.74 (1.62, 3.88) Br, Cl, BC, Ni, K, S, V, Zn NA 1.99–4.34
Ca Respiratory 1 4.31 (2.61, 6.03) Br, Cl, Ni, K, S, V, Zn NA 3.13–6.82
Cl Respiratory 0 0.24 (0.09, 0.39) Al, Br, Ca, BC, Ni, K, S, Si, Ti, V, Zn NA 0.19–0.24
BC Respiratory 2 7.20 (4.64, 9.82) Al, Br, Cl, Ni, K, S, Si, Ti, V NA 5.71–9.54
Ni Respiratory 0 2.92 (1.66, 4.19) Al, Br, Ca, Cl, K, S, Si, Ti, Zn BC 1.34–3.21
Si Respiratory 1 2.41 (1.41, 3.42) Br, Cl, BC, Ni, K, S, V, Zn NA 1.70–3.75
Ti Respiratory 1 3.47 (2.30, 4.65) Br, Cl, BC, Ni, K, S, V, Zn NA 2.77–4.19
V Respiratory 1 2.75 (1.76, 3.75) Al, Br, Ca, Cl, BC, K, S, Si, Ti, Zn NA 1.92–2.98
NA, not available. aSingle-pollutant effect is the increase in risk per IQR increase in pollutant. bIn this table, associations are considered robust to co-pollutant adjustment if they remained statistically significant; associations are not considered robust to co-pollutant adjustment if they lost statistical significance.
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