Table 2.
Sleep disturbances, sleep duration, sleep medication, general health, functional status, cognition, and mood among men and women in the total sample. Percentages in brackets, significant values in bold.
| Men n = 421 |
Women n = 524 |
χ 2 value | df | P value | Missing data (n) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean age (SD) | 72.8 (SD 10.1) | 74.3 (SD 10.3) | 0.035 2 | 0 | ||
| Difficulty falling asleep | 74 (17.9) | 188 (36.5) | 38.2 | 1 | <0.001 1 | 17 |
| Taking or being dependent on medication for sleep | 51 (12.3) | 103 (19.9) | 9.3 | 1 | 0.002 1 | 12 |
| Sleep interrupted during the night | 325 (77.9) | 446 (86.4) | 11.0 | 1 | 0.001 1 | 12 |
| Difficulty sleeping (falling/staying asleep) due to moods or tension | 71 (17.3) | 165 (32.7) | 27.5 | 1 | <0.001 1 | 30 |
| Difficulty sleeping due to pain or itching | 54 (13.0) | 111 (21.8) | 11.5 | 1 | 0.001 1 | 21 |
| Inability to return to sleep after waking at night | 45 (10.9) | 112 (21.8) | 18.7 | 1 | <0.001 1 | 17 |
| Waking up early | 236 (57.0) | 308 (60.2) | 0.8 | 1 | 0.3671 | 19 |
| Feeling tired and sleeping for more than two hours during the day | 33 (8.0) | 39 (7.6) | 0.0 | 0.9101 | 17 | |
| Sleep disturbances 0–8 | 45.9 | 1 | <0.001 1 | 61 | ||
| Poor sleep ≥4 | 55 (13.9) | 165 (33.9) | ||||
| Good sleep 0–3 | 342 (86.1) | 322 (66.1) | ||||
| Sleep duration in hours | 6.9 (SD 1.2) | 6.7 (SD 1.3) | 0.048 2 | 119 | ||
| Mean, (SD), (min–max) | (3–12) | (2–11) | ||||
| 7.56 | 0.023 3 | 119 | ||||
| Short sleep ≤5 h | 39 (10.9) | 83 (17.7) | ||||
| Normal sleep 6–9 h | 312 (87.2) | 376 (80.3) | ||||
| Long sleep ≥10 h | 7 (2.0) | 9 (1.9) | ||||
| Prescribed sleep medication | 20.9 | 4 | <0.001 3 | 10 | ||
| Never | 339 (81.5) | 367 (70.7) | ||||
| Sometimes per month | 35 (8.4) | 48 (9.2) | ||||
| Several times per month | 3 (0.7) | 9 (1.7) | ||||
| Sometimes per week | 8 (1.9) | 34 (6.6) | ||||
| Every night | 31 (7.5) | 61 (11.8) | ||||
| General health | 7.91 | 2 | 0.019 3 | 15 | ||
| Poor/fair | 131 (31.6) | 207 (40.1) | ||||
| Good | 129 (31.2) | 152 (29.5) | ||||
| Very good/excellent | 134 (37.2) | 157 (30.4) | ||||
| Functional status | 5.997 | 1 | 0.014 1 | 3 | ||
| Independent | 342 (81.4) | 389 (74.5) | ||||
| Dependent on 1–5 activities | 78 (18.6) | 133 (25.5) | ||||
| Cognition | 0.091 | 1 | 0.763 1 | 5 | ||
| <24 MMSE | 32 (7.6) | 36 (6.9) | ||||
| ≥24 MMSE | 387 (92.4) | 485 (93.1) | ||||
| Mood (below/over median = 1) | 5.485 | 1 | 0.019 1 | 34 | ||
| Low | 209 (51.4) | 299 (59.3) | ||||
| High | 198 (48.6) | 205 (40.7) |
Note: 1Yates' continuity correction, 2Mann-Whitney's U-test, and 3Pearson's χ 2 test.