Figure 5.

GRP78 regulates autophagy. (a) GRP78 overexpression in LCC1 cells results in a marked increase in autophagy as indicated by LC3-II. (b) Model simulations reproduce this effect in terms of autophagosome level. (c) GRP78 knockdown in LCC9 cells does not change the autophagy level at the 6 day time point, but knockdown plus ICI significantly reduces the level. (d) Model simulations are consistent with the experimental results at the 6 day time point. Experimental results in (a) and (c) adapted from Cook et al. [4].