Table 1.
Characteristics of male participants by diet group
| Diet group |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meat- eaters |
Fish-eaters | Vegetarians | Vegans | ||
| n = 168 | n = 168 | n = 168 | n = 167 | p value1 | |
| Age category (years) | |||||
| 20 to 29 | 11 (6.6) | 10 (6.0) | 11 (6.6) | 10 (6.0) | |
| 30 to 39 | 48 (28.6) | 48 (28.6) | 48 (28.6) | 48 (28.7) | |
| 40 to 49 | 63 (37.5) | 63 (37.5) | 63 (37.5) | 62 (37.1) | 1.00 |
| 50 to 59 | 22 (13.1) | 23 (13.7) | 23 (13.7) | 23 (13.8) | |
| 60 + | 24 (14.3) | 24 (14.3) | 23 (13.7) | 24 (14.4) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||||
| Mean (SD) | 24.9 (3.1) | 23.2 (2.9) | 23.3 (2.6) | 22.4 (3.2) | < 0.001 |
| < 20 | 4 (2.4) | 16 (9.5) | 9 (5.4) | 28 (16.8) | |
| 20 to 22.5 | 34 (20.2) | 51 (30.4) | 61 (36.3) | 64 (38.3) | |
| 22.5 to 25 | 50 (29.8) | 56 (33.3) | 49 (29.2) | 49 (29.3) | < 0.001 |
| 25 to 27.5 | 47 (28.0) | 24 (14.3) | 27 (16.1) | 16 (9.6) | |
| 27.5+ | 33 (19.6) | 21 (12.5) | 22 (13.1) | 10 (6.0) | |
| Physical activity | |||||
| Inactive | 33 (19.6) | 20 (11.9) | 21 (12.5) | 32 (19.2) | |
| Low activity | 53 (31.6) | 72 (42.9) | 61 (36.3) | 39 (23.4) | |
| 0.015 | |||||
| Moderate activity | 32 (19.1) | 36 (21.4) | 46 (27.4) | 37 (22.2) | |
| Very active | 37 (22.0) | 29 (17.3) | 29 (17.3) | 47 (28.1) | |
| Daily dietary intakes2 | |||||
| Energy (MJ) | 9.25 (2.35) | 9.04 (2.32) | 9.11 (2.37) | 8.00 (2.34) | < 0.001 |
| Protein (% of energy) | 16 (2) | 14 (2) | 13 (2) | 13 (2) | < 0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (% of energy) | 48 (6) | 50 (7) | 51 (7) | 54 (7) | < 0.001 |
| Fat (% of energy) | 32 (6) | 31 (6) | 31 (6) | 29 (7) | 0.003 |
| Saturated | 12 (3) | 11 (3) | 11 (3) | 6 (2) | < 0.001 |
| Monounsaturated | 11 (2) | 10 (2) | 10 (2) | 10 (3) | 0.003 |
| Polyunsaturated | 6 (2) | 7 (2) | 7 (2) | 10 (3) | < 0.001 |
| Polyunsaturated:saturated3 | 0.57 (0.26) | 0.73 (0.34) | 0.73 (0.33) | 1.56 (0.39) | < 0.001 |
| Fiber (g) | 19 (7) | 23 (8) | 23 (7) | 27 (9) | < 0.001 |
| Alcohol (g) | |||||
| < 1 | 15 (8.9) | 21 (12.5) | 25 (14.9) | 52 (31.1) | |
| 1 to 7 | 55 (32.7) | 59 (35.1) | 48 (28.6) | 56 (33.5) | |
| < 0.001 | |||||
| 8 to 15 | 46 (27.4) | 34 (20.2) | 43 (25.6) | 25 (15.0) | |
| 16+ | 52 (31.0) | 54 (32.1) | 52 (31.0) | 34 (20.4) | |
Values are number (%) unless otherwise stated
1
ANOVA was used to test for differences in means for continuous variables, and χ2 tests were used to test for differences in proportions for categorical variables
2
Daily dietary intakes are mean (SD), except for categories of alcohol consumption which are number (%)
3
Ratio of polyunsaturated fat to saturated fat intake