Table 4. New systematics for cystonect and physonect siphonophore families.

	Family	Comments
01.	Physaliidae	Monotypic for Physalia physalis (P. utriculus considered a junior synonym [81]
02.	Rhizophysidae	Long-stemmed; Bathyphysa japonica a junior synonym of B. conifera; SEM studies of budding sequences described for B. sibogae, Rhizophysa filiformis and R. eysenhardti [8]
03.	Apolemiidae	Long stemmed; monophyletic and sister to all other Codonophora, with unique nectophoral palpons on the nectosome. Nectophores distinctive and ridge-less, cormidia dispersed or discrete; gastrozooids with simple tentacles (no tentilla) resembling palpacles of palpons. Monogeneric for Apolemia. Two new species include A. lanosa and A. rubriversa [11] and three older species A. contorta, A. uvaria and A. vitiazi (Tottonia contorta sensu Mapstone 2003 now referable to A. lanosa). A number of other species are known to exist [2], [10], [11], [52], [82], [83], [84], [85], and await full description.
04.	Erennidae	Long-stemmed family erected for 4 species with large prominent straight tentilla, no involucrum and a rigid terminal process lacking nematocysts [15]. Two genera: Erenna (3 species) and Parerenna (1 species). E. richardi Bedot, 1904, and a new species E. laciniata have large flattened nectophores and large tentilla held close to body and vibrate to attract prey; two further new species E. cornuta and Parerenna emilyae have different and also unique tentilla and gastrozooids [15].
05.	Pyrostephidae	Long-stemmed family reviewed and revised [14], with 3 new species of Bargmannia: B. amoena, B. gigas, B. lata [14], [86]; also Mica micula, the putative post-larva of a pyrostephid [87], [88]. Nectophores with unique lower-lateral wings and much enlarged triangular thrust block; in B. elongata two growth zones on stem and composition of the cormidia studied using SEM [80]; pyrostephid cormidia either have oleocysts (modified tentacle-less palpons) (in Pyrostephos) or none (in Bargmannia) [14].
06.	Rhodaliidae	Short-stemmed family of 8 genera, with 4 new species including Archangelopsis jagoa, Arancialia captonia [45], [89], and two others herein referred to Steleophysema Moser, 1924, including S. sulawensis and S. rotunda. Sagamalia hinomaru reduced to a junior synonym of Steleophysema aurophora [1], [89]. First in situ feeding observations on four species [89]. Dromalia alexandri re-described [4].
07.	Unascribed dioecious genera	Long-stemmed genera Marrus Totton, 1954 [90] and Stephanomia Lesueur & Petit, 1807 [10] both with muscle-free zones on nectosac and other characters (Fig. 10). A new species M. claudanielis described [90] and new specimens of an old species S. amphytridis [10] await re-description.
08.	Forskaliidae	Long stemmed and delicate monotypic family, probably sister to the Physophoridae [10]. Recently revised [16] with two new species added (Forskalia asymmetrica, F. saccula) and one reduced to a Species Inquirenda [1].
09.	Physophoridae	Family with long nectosome but short corm-like siphosome; previously monotypic for Physophora hydrostatica bract present only in larva; now a new smaller and less colourful second species P. gilmeri, is added, with bracts retained on adult colony [77]; unique tentilla in both species.
10.	Resomiidae	Long-stemmed family newly introduced for two species previously referred to the Agalmatidae (Moseria convoluta, M. similis) and now transferred to a new monotypic genus Resomia [17]; two tentilla types uniquely present on each tentacle. Three new species R. dunni, R. ornicephala, R. persica described in 2010 [91].
11.	Agalmatidae sensu stricto	Mostly long-stemmed and recently restricted to genera with dorsal nectosome (see above) and involucrate tricornuate tentilla with tightly coiled cnidoband (see below). Now includes two short-stemmed genera (Athorybia, Melophysa) [17]. New species added (Halistemma transliratum) [92] and another re-described (H. foliacea, as H. amphytridis) [17], [93].
12.	Unascribed monoecious genera	Long-stemmed monotypic genera Cordagalma, Frillagalma and Lychnagalma with ventral nectosomes have been removed from the Agalmatidae [17] and a new species C. tottoni described [94]. Rudjakovia plicata considered a valid species [1] and may be transferred to Agalmatidae when more characters are elucidated [17].

For fundamental characters of the physonect families listed above (sex, proximal surface canals etc), see Figure 10.