| 13. Prayidae |
Probably paraphyletic, and includes nested family Hippopodiidae [10] (see below); Praya dubia (Subfamily Prayinae) and sub-family Nectopyramidinae maybe one lineage, with prayines Craseoa, Gymnopraia and Rosacea another [10], but broader taxa sampling is needed [6]. Prayine name Lilyopsis medusa has precedence over Lilyopsis rosea
[1]; new prayine species Desmophyes haematogaster, Gymnopraia lapislazula, Lilyopsis fluoracantha, Rosacea repanda, R. limbata, R. arabiana introduced (see [1]); subfamily Nectopyramidinae revised [13] with Nectopyramis thetis and N. natans re-described and new genus Nectadamas introduced (for N. diomedeae and a new species N. richardi
[13]). Prayine species R. cymbiformis also re-described [99] and nomenclature problems concerning R. plicata sensu Bigelow and Desmophyes annectens resolved [100], [101]. Eudoxids are released in amphicaryonines and nectopyramidines, but not in prayines [6]. Rosacea villafrancae transferred to genus Desmophyes
[102], and Prayoides intermedia found to be a junior synonym of Praya species [1], [103]. Unique bio-optical properties identified in G. lapislazula and L. fluoracantha, though their function is still unknown [7]. |
| 14. Hippopodiidae |
Found nested within prayines in first siphonophore phylogeny, and Hippopodius nested within Vogtia
[10]; hippopodiid distribution correlated with feeding on various species of ostracods, unlike other calycophorans [104]. Family characters recently summarized and the new axes applied, together with re-descriptions given and synonomies listed for V. serrata, V. spinosa and V. pentacantha
[6]; V. microsticella considered a junior synonym of V. glabra, and V. kuruae a junior synonym of V. serrata
[1], [6]. |
| 15. Clausophyidae |
The 3 diphyomorph families below may have arisen from the Clausophyidae [10]. New species include Clausophyes laetmata
[42] and Cl. tropica
[105] and 2 others re-described include Cl. galeata and Cl. moserae
[105]; a unique fuseudoxid life stage found in Crystallophyes amygdalina
[47] and a new genus Kephyes introduced for Moser’s Cl. ovata, which, unlike Clausophyes species, has bracts with a pair of hydroecial canals [106]. 4 clausophyids re-described from NE Pacific and the new axes applied [6]. |
| 16. Sphaeronectidae |
Ten species now considered valid in this family with single retained larval nectophore. Family reviewed and history summarized [18]; 5 new species introduced: Sphaeronectes christiansonae, S. haddocki, S. tiburonae
[18], S. pagesi
[107] and S. pughi
[108]. An old species S. brevitruncata reinstated [18] and S. bougisi concluded to likely be a calyconula of Lilyopsis medusa
[1]. S. gracilis relegated to a junior synonym of S. koellikeri and probably restricted to the tropics [1], [18]; specimens reported from Jervis Inlet, British Columbia [6] probably another species. |
| 17. Diphyidae |
Probably paraphyletic [10], vindicating earlier conclusions [9], but based on only 5 of 43 likely valid species [1]. Two main clades identified in the molecular study of Dunn et al. [10], within one of which is nested the Family Abylidae. New axes applied to all life stages of diphyids, muscular lamellae, median gastrovascular canals and pedicular canal arrangements also schematically shown for two basic types of diphyids [6]. A new small species added to genus Lensia (L. quadriculata
[109]), another re-described in detail (L. asymmetrica
[110]) and a third (L. reticulata) transferred to a new genus Gilia within a new subfamily Giliinae, for the two clausophyid-like canals in the bract (G. reticulata
[111]). An enigmatic species Eudoxia macra shown, using the mitochondrial 16S gene, to be sexual stage of a larger species L. cossack
[112]. A number of previously described Lensia species, several Sulculeolaria species and one Muggiaea species all reduced to junior synonyms of various better known species [1]. |
| 18. Abylidae |
Family nested with Diphyes dispar in one of two Diphyidae clades, based on 16S and 18S [10], but only Abylopsis tetragona tested and more taxa sampling needed. 10 valid species [1], all present in the S Atlantic and summarized in a recent report [113]; several species also re-described from around South Africa [82], [114]. Junior synonyms (including those in a confusing abylid review by Sears [115]) given in the Worms World List [1]. |
