Figure 1. Effects of β-1,3 glucans on early signaling events in grapevine cells.

V. vinifera cell suspensions were treated with PS3 (2 g l⁻¹), Lam (2 g l⁻¹) or water (control). A. Cytosolic [Ca²⁺] variations in aequorin expressing grapevine cells. B. H₂O₂ production measured by luminol chemiluminescence assays. FWC: fresh weight of cells. C. MAPK activation revealed by western blotting using an antibody raised against active phosphorylated MAPK or total MAPK. D. Plasma membrane depolarization revealed by fluorescence of the DIBAC₄ probe in grapevine cells. RFU: relative fluorescence unit. Results are from one of three representative experiments (n = 3).