Table 3.
Preoperative risk factors for pulmonary embolism
| Variable | No pulmonary embolism (N = 26,110) | Pulmonary embolism (N = 281) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 64.0 ± 12.2 | 68.8 ± 10.3 | < 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.1 ± 6.7 | 31.6 ± 6.3 | 0.001 |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 11,261 (43.1%) | 97(34.5%) | 0.004 |
| Female | 14,849 (56.9%) | 184 (65.5%) | |
| Race | |||
| White | 19,355 (74.1%) | 216 (76.9%) | 0.17 |
| Black | 2781 (10.7%) | 36 (12.8%) | |
| Hispanic | 153 (0.6%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| Asian | 109 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Other | 3712 (14.2%) | 28 (10.0%) | |
| Procedure | |||
| Primary hip | 11,968 (45.8%) | 49 (17.4%) | |
| Primary knee | 10,647 (40.8%) | 197 (70.1%) | |
| Revision hip | 2172 (8.3%) | 16 (5.7%) | < 0.001 |
| Revision knee | 1321 (5.1%) | 19 (6.8%) | |
| ASA class | |||
| 1 | 565 (3.4%) | 1 (0.4%) | |
| 2 | 7521 (44.7%) | 78 (33.6%) | < 0.001 |
| 3 | 8610 (51.1%) | 151 (65.1%) | |
| 138 (0.8%) | 2 (0.9%) | ||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index | |||
| 0 | 2844 (10.9%) | 7 (2.5%) | |
| 1 | 5727 (21.9%) | 35 (12.5%) | |
| 2 | 7085 (27.1%) | 73 (26.0%) | |
| 3 | 6352 (24.3%) | 98 (34.9%) | < 0.001 |
| 4 | 3270 (12.5%) | 52 (18.5%) | |
| 5 | 628 (2.4%) | 13 (4.6%) | |
| 6 | 138 (0.5%) | 3 (1.1%) | |
| ≥ 7 | 66 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Bilateral procedure | |||
| Unilateral | 18,410 (70.5%) | 202 (71.9%) | 0.002 |
| Staged bilateral (within 1 year) | 4532 (17.4%) | 31 (11.0%) | |
| Simultaneous bilateral | 3168 (12.1%) | 48 (17.1%) | |
| Anticoagulation | |||
| Warfarin | 24,290 (93.0%) | 277 (98.6%) | < 0.01 |
| Aspirin | 1820 (7.0%) | 4 (1.4%) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | |||
| Yes | 2997 (11.5%) | 48 (17.1%) | 0.003 |
| No | 23,113 (88.5%) | 233 (82.9%) | |
| Hypothyroidism | |||
| Yes | 2857 (10.9%) | 35 (12.5%) | 0.42 |
| No | 23,253 (89.1%) | 246 (87.5%) | |
| Ischemic heart disease | |||
| Yes | 3110 (11.9%) | 45 (16.0%) | 0.035 |
| No | 23,000 (88.1%) | 236 (84.0%) | |
| Congestive heart failure | |||
| Yes | 402 (1.5%) | 10 (3.6%) | 0.007 |
| No | 25,708 (98.5%) | 271 (96.4%) | |
| Hypertension | |||
| Yes | 12,555 (48.1%) | 166 (59.1%) | < 0.001 |
| No | 13,555 (51.9%) | 115 (40.9%) | |
| Peripheral vascular disease | |||
| Yes | 229 (0.9%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.35 |
| No | 25,881 (99.1%) | 280 (99.6%) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | |||
| Yes | 1164 (4.5%) | 39 (13.9%) | < 0.001 |
| No | 24,946 (95.5%) | 242 (86.1%) | |
| Valvulopathy | |||
| Yes | 1123 (4.3%) | 10 (3.6%) | 0.54 |
| No | 24,987 (95.7%) | 271 (96.4%) | |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | |||
| Yes | 2514 (9.6%) | 44 (15.7%) | 0.001 |
| No | 23,596 (90.4%) | 237 (84.3%) | |
| Smoking history | |||
| Yes | 693 (2.7%) | 9 (3.2%) | 0.57 |
| No | 25,417 (97.3%) | 272 (96.8%) | |
| Sleep apnea | |||
| Yes | 2310 (8.8%) | 35 (12.5%) | 0.03 |
| No | 23,800 (91.2%) | 246 (87.5%) | |
| Anemia | |||
| Yes | 4152 (15.9%) | 68 (24.2%) | < 0.001 |
| No | 25,881 (99.1%) | 280 (99.6%) | |
| Presence of deep vein thrombosis | |||
| Yes | 40 (0.2%) | 11 (3.9%) | < 0.001 |
| No | 26,070 (99.8%) | 270 (96.1%) | |
| History of venous thromboembolism | |||
| Yes | 649 (2.5%) | 8 (2.8%) | 0.70 |
| No | 25,461 (97.5%) | 273 (97.2%) | |
| History of malignancy | |||
| Yes | 2486 (9.5%) | 32 (11.4%) | 0.29 |
| No | 23,624 (90.5%) | 249 (88.6%) | |
| Active malignancy | |||
| Yes | 322 (1.2%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.43 |
| No | 25,788 (98.8%) | 279 (99.3%) | |
| Leukemia | |||
| Yes | 55 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.44 |
| No | 26,055 (99.8%) | 281 (100.0%) | |
| Lymphoma | |||
| Yes | 54 (0.9%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.45 |
| No | 26,056 (99.8%) | 281 (100.0%) | |
| HIV | |||
| Yes | 188 (0.7%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.99 |
| No | 25,922 (99.3%) | 279 (99.3%) | |
| Connective tissue disease | |||
| Yes | 808 (3.1%) | 4 (1.4%) | 0.11 |
| No | 25,302 (96.9%) | 277 (98.6%) | |
| Crystalline arthropathy | |||
| Yes | 547 (2.1%) | 5 (1.8%) | 0.71 |
| No | 25,563 (97.9%) | 276 (98.2%) | |
| Renal disease | |||
| Yes | 43 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.50 |
| No | 26,067 (99.8%) | 281 (100.0%) | |
| Dialysis | |||
| Yes | 14 (0.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.70 |
| No | 26,096 (99.9%) | 281 (100.0%) | |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy | |||
| Yes | 1186 (4.5%) | 14 (5.0%) | 0.73 |
| No | 24,924 (95.5%) | 267 (95.0%) | |
| Liver disease | |||
| Yes | 103 (0.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.29 |
| No | 26,007 (99.6%) | 281 (100.0%) | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | |||
| Yes | 311 (1.2%) | 5 (1.8%) | 0.37 |
| No | 25,799 (98.8%) | 276 (98.2%) | |
| Depression | |||
| Yes | 1688 (6.5%) | 30 (10.7%) | 0.004 |
| No | 24,422 (93.5%) | 251 (89.3%) | |
| Anxiety | |||
| Yes | 1132 (4.3%) | 15 (5.3%) | 0.41 |
| No | 24,978 (95.7%) | 266 (94.7%) | |
| Peptic ulcer disease | |||
| Yes | 125 (0.5%) | 3 (1.1%) | 0.16 |
| No | 25,985 (99.5%) | 278 (98.9%) | |
| Gastrointestinal reflux disease | |||
| Yes | 6087 (23.3%) | 79 (28.1%) | 0.06 |
| No | 20,023 (76.7%) | 202 (71.9%) | |
| Diverticulosis or gastrointestinal bleeding | |||
| Yes | 230 (0.9%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0.76 |
| No | 25,880 (99.1%) | 279 (99.3%) | |
| Inflammatory bowel disease | |||
| Yes | 119 (0.5%) | 1 (0.4%) | 0.80 |
| No | 25,991 (99.5%) | 280 (99.6%) | |
ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists.