Table 1.
Summary of studies of olfactory sensitivity in affective disorders.
| Study | Number of participants (f/m) and diagnosis | Mean age ± SD | Severity-scores | Odorants and test method | Olfactory sensitivity |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gross-Isseroff et al., 1994 | C: 9 (8/1) | C: 49,11 ± 4.82 | P: 24.11 ± 1.17 (Day 0), | Androstenone, isoamyl acetate, three way forced choice ascending method | Day 0 and Day 21: P = C, |
| P: 9 (8/1); MDD | P: 49.00 ± 4.56 | 11.67 ± 1.13 (Day 21), | Day 42: P > C (isoamyl acetate) | ||
| 6.44 ± 0.58 (Day 42, HAM-D) | |||||
| Krüger et al., 2006 | BPD + ETE: 7 (1/6) | BPD + ETE: 33.9 ± 10.7 | BPD + ETE: 0.8 ± 1 (HAM-D) 0.8 ± 1.2 (SRMI) | PEA, Sniffin' Sticks | BPD + ETE > BPD – ETE |
| BPD – ETE: 9 (5/4) | BPD – ETE: 46.1 ± 11.6 | BPD – ETE: 0.4 ± 0.7 (HAM-D) 1.4 ± 1 (SRMI) | |||
| Lombion-Pouthier et al., 2006 | C: 58 (36/22) | C: 38.4 ± 13.96 | P: 23.75 ± 5.74 (BDI) | L-carvone, tetrahydrothiopene, Test Olfactif | P < C |
| P: 49 (35/14); MDD | P: 43.4 ± 17.54 | ||||
| Negoias et al., 2010 | C: 21 (15/6) | C: 39.62 ± 11.39 | P: 29.67 ± 10.84 (BDI) | PEA, Sniffin' Sticks, laterized | P < C |
| P: 21 (17/4); MDD | P: 36.86 ± 10.13 | ||||
| Pause et al., 2001 | 1. Session: C: 24 (15/9) P: 24 (15/9); MDD | C: 44.2 ± 12.6 | C: 4.8 ± 2.5 (BDI) | PEA, eugenol, 2alt.-staircase | P < C |
| P: 48.4 ± 13.2 | P: 28.5 ± 11.4 (BDI) | ||||
| 2. Session: C: 18 (13/5) P: 18 (13/5); MDD in remission | C: 46.6 ± 12.8 | C: 4.6 ± 3.4 (BDI) | PEA, eugenol, 2alt.-staircase | P = C | |
| P: 47.9 ± 13.4 | P: 11.5 ± 7.1 (BDI) | ||||
| Pause et al., 2005 | C: 11 (6/5) | C: 33.0 ± 8.6 | C: 2.1 ± 2.3 (BDI) | PEA, menthol, 2alt.-staircase | P < C |
| P: 11 (7/4); MDD (drug-free) | P: 32.7 ± 5.5 | P: 17.7 ± 6.9 (BDI) | |||
| Postolache et al., 1999 | C: 24 (17/7) | C: 42.1 ± 11.8 | / | PEA, 2alt.-staircase | P (SAD) = C |
| P: 24 (17/7); SAD | P: 42.8 ± 9.7 | ||||
| Postolache et al., 2002 | C: 16 (9/7) | C: 39.0 ± 10.8 | / | PEA, 2alt.-staircase | P (SAD) > C |
| P: 14(7/7); SAD | P: 42.3 ± 11.5 | ||||
| Serby et al., 1990, 1992 | C: 9 (/) | C: 50 – 59 | P: 19.9 ± 1.6 (HAM-D) | Geraniol, forced-choice ascending method | P < C (p < 0.1) |
| P: 9 (0/9); MDD (drug free) | P: 50 – 59 | ||||
| Swiecicki et al., 2009 | C: 30 (20/10) | C: 35.4 ± 2.1 | C: 0.5 ± 0.3 (HAM-D), 1.9 ± 0.5 (BDI) | n-butanol, Sniffin' Sticks | RDD = BP = C |
| P: 46 (RDD: 20, BPD: 21) | RDD: 35.7 ± 2.3 | RDD: 15.2 ± 1.6 (HAM-D), 27.2 ± 2.8 (BDI); | |||
| BPD: 14.1 ± 1.0 (HAM-D), 23.2 ± 1.8 (BDI) | BPD: 39.6 ± 2.5 | ||||
| Thomas et al., 2002 | C: 24 | / | 23.8 ± 9.5 (BDI) | / | P < C (p < 0.1) |
| P: 16 (unselected depressed with major depressive episode) |
f, female; m, male; C, controls; P, patients; MDD, major depressive disorder; HAM-D, Hamilton Depression Rating-Scale; =, no difference between groups; P > C, patients performed better than controls; P < C, patients performed worse than controls; BPD + ETE, bipolar disorder with event triggered episodes; BPD – ETE, bipolar disorder without event triggered episodes; SRMI, Self-Report Manic Inventory; PEA, phenyl-ethylalcohol; BDI, Beck's Depression Inventory; 2alt.-staircase, two-alternative staircase detection procedure; SAD, Seasonal affective disorder; RDD, unipolar recurrent depressive disorder; BPD, bipolar disorder; /, no information available.