Table 3.
Neonatal outcomes
| Characteristic | Milking (n = 36) | Control (n = 39) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apgar score | |||
| 1 min | 4.0 (1.0–5.5) | 4.0 (2.0–5.0) | 0.75 |
| 5 min | 6.5 (5.0–7.0) | 7.0 (5.0–7.0) | 0.74 |
| 10 mina | 7.0 (6.0–7.0) | 7.0 (7.0–7.0) | 0.44 |
| Umbilical cord pH (n = 26) | 7.3 (7.3–7.3) | 7.3 (7.3–7.4) | 0.44 |
| Neonatal resuscitation | |||
| Intubation | 36 (100.0) | 39 (100.0) | 1.0 |
| Surfactant | 36 (100.0) | 39 (100.0) | 1.0 |
| Stimulation | 6 (16.7) | 6 (15.4) | 0.88 |
| Epinephrine | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.6) | 1.0 |
| Initial neonatal clinical values | |||
| Hemoglobin (g l−1) | 14.9 (13.3–18.1) | 13.6 (12.6–15.0) | 0.005 |
| Hematocrit (%) | 43.3 (39.9–53.6) | 40.8 (37.1–44.0) | 0.004 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 43.0 (37.0–51.0) | 40.5 (36.0–46.5) | 0.32 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 22.0 (18.0–29.0) | 21.0 (15.0–28.5) | 0.68 |
| Transfusion | |||
| Age (days) | 7.0 (2.0–16.0) | 5.0 (2.0–11.0) | 0.47 |
| Volume (ml) | 32.0 (16.0–57.0) | 38.0 (29.0–55.0) | 0.33 |
| <14 days of life | 19 (52.8) | 30 (76.9) | 0.04 |
| <28 days of life | 30 (83.3) | 38 (97.4) | 0.05 |
| Phototherapy | 33 (91.7) | 38 (97.4) | 0.35 |
| Days | 5.0 (3.0–7.0) | 5.0 (4.0–7.0) | 0.67 |
| Peak bilirubin (mg dl−1) | 5.2 (4.6–5.7) | 5.5 (4.7–6.6) | 0.59 |
| Days of ventilation | 9.0 (2.0–28.0) | 16.0 (2.0–28.0) | 0.40 |
| Neonatal death | 2 (5.6) | 4 (10.3) | 0.68 |
| Age (days) | 4.0 (2.0–6.0) | 7.0 (6.0–15.0) | 0.27 |
| Neonatal complications | |||
| Respiratory distress syndrome | 36 (100.0) | 39 (100.0) | 1.0 |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage | 9 (25.0) | 20 (51.3) | 0.0195 |
| Grade—median (IQR)b | 1.0 (1.0–3.0) | 1.0 (1.0–3.0) | 0.79 |
| Periventricular leukomalacia | 1 (2.8) | 3 (7.7) | 0.62 |
| Chronic lung disease | 9 (25.0) | 4 (10.3) | 0.09 |
| Retinopathy of prematurity | 28 (77.8) | 31 (79.5) | 0.86 |
| Hyperkalemia | 1 (2.8) | 1 (2.6) | 1.0 |
| Sepsis | 10 (27.8) | 18 (46.2) | 0.10 |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | 6 (16.7) | 10 (25.6) | 0.34 |
Data are presented as n (%) or median (IQR, interquartile range).
a
10-min Apgar scores were only given for 19 neonates with 5-min Apgar scores <7.
b
Only among those with intraventricular hemorrhage.