Table 1.
Dependent Measures
|
Dependent Measure |
Dependent Measure Category |
Group (Mean ± SD) |
Effect Size |
|
|
Chronic Ankle Instability (n = 17) |
Control (n = 17) |
|||
| Balance Error Scoring System Total, errors | Static | 13.59 ± 4.00 | 11.06 ± 3.01 | 0.71 |
| Single-limb stance on firm surface | Static | 2.53 ± 2.37 | 1.29 ± 1.05 | 0.68 |
| Single-limb stance on foam surface | Static | 6 ± 1 | 5.59 ± 1.33 | 0.35 |
| Double-limb stance on firm surface | Static | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Double-limb stance on foam surface | Static | 0.06 ± 0.24 | 0.11 ± 0.33 | 0.17 |
| Tandem stance on firm surface | Static | 1.29 ± 1.53) | 1 ± 1.17 | 0.21 |
| Tandem stance on foam surface | Static | 3.71 ± 1.65 | 3.06 ± 1.48 | 0.41 |
| Time-in-balance test, s | Static | 28.99 ± 17.30 | 46.01 ± 19.64 | 0.92 |
| Foot-lift test, lifts | Static | 5.57 ± 2.38 | 3.20 ± 2.68 | 0.94 |
| Center of pressure | ||||
| Resultant velocity, cm/s | Force plate | 1.81 ± 0.38 | 1.61 ± 0.40 | 0.51 |
| Anterior-posterior velocity mean, cm/s | Force plate | 1.83 ± 0.43 | 1.65 ± 0.52 | 0.38 |
| Medial-lateral velocity mean, cm/s | Force plate | 1.91 ± 0.42 | 1.82 ± 0.40 | 0.22 |
| Anterior-posterior excursion mean, cm | Force plate | 0.38 ± 0.05 | 0.38 ± 0.10 | 0 |
| Medial-lateral excursion mean, cm | Force plate | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.32 ± 0.06 | 0.18 |
| Anterior-posterior standard deviation, cm | Force plate | 0.48 ± 0.07 | 0.47 ± 0.11 | 0.11 |
| Medial-lateral standard deviation, cm | Force plate | 0.39 ± 0.06 | 0.39 ± 0.07 | 0 |
| Rectangular area, cm2 | Force plate | 22.57 ± 4.42 | 22.56 ± 9.14 | 0.001 |
| Area 95% confidence ellipse, cm2 | Force plate | 3.50 ± 0.68 | 3.50 ± 1.41 | 0 |
| Time to boundary, s | ||||
| Anterior-posterior mean of minimum | Force plate | 6.14 ± 1.12 | 7.02 ± 1.34 | 0.71 |
| Medial-lateral mean of minimum | Force plate | 2.17 ± 0.39 | 2.29 ± 0.41 | 0.30 |
| Anterior-posterior absolute minima | Force plate | 1.05 ± 0.27 | 1.10 ± 0.49 | 0.13 |
| Medial-lateral absolute minima | Force plate | 0.48 ± 0.09 | 0.49 ± 0.09 | 0.11 |
| Anterior-posterior standard deviation of minimum | Force plate | 3.65 ± 0.40 | 3.99 ± 0.38 | 0.87 |
| Medial-lateral standard deviation of minimum | Force plate | 1.55 ± 0.22 | 1.68 ± 0.13 | 0.72 |
| Star Excursion Balance Test, cm/leg length | ||||
| Anteromedial reach direction | Functional | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.09 | 0.59 |
| Medial reach direction | Functional | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.92 ± 0.09 | 0.59 |
| Posteromedial reach direction | Functional | 0.88 ± 0.09 | 0.95 ± 0.12 | 0.66 |
| Side-hop test, s | Functional | 16.76 ± 8.30 | 12.20 ± 5.39 | 0.65 |
| Figure-of-8 hop test, s | Functional | 16.88 ± 4.52 | 14.92 ± 3.48 | 0.49 |