Figure 2.

Anti- and pro-apoptotic plasma membrane-bound ion transporters involved in MDR. The anti-apoptotic transporters include the plasma membrane Ca²⁺ ATPase (PMCA), hypertonicity-induced cation channels (HICCs), the Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger (NHE1), the Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase, the Na⁺-dependent taurine transporter (TauT) and the 1Na⁺, 1K⁺, 2Cl⁻ cotransporter (NKCC1). The pro-apototic transporters include the membrane-bound Ca²⁺ channel (Orai1) and various transient receptor potential channels (Trps) and K⁺ and Cl⁻ channels.