TABLE 2.
Summary assessment of risk of bias for each study in the review
| Author (reference), year; type of study |
Components of risk of bias/key risk criteria
|
Risk of bias summary within study | Comments on high risk of bias components | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |||
| Becker et al (43), 2008; cRCT | U | U | H | H | U | U | U | U | L | U | Unclear (7), high (2), low (1) | Differences at baseline measurement |
| Bekkering et al (44), 2005; cRCT | L | L | L | L | U | U | U | U | L | U | Low (5), unclear (5) | |
| Buchbinder et al (52), 2005; CBA | H | H | H | H | L | L | U | U | U | U | High (4), unclear (4), low (2) | No random sequence generation and allocation concealment; differences at baseline measurement |
| Coudeyre et al (37), 2006; RCT | H | U | L | L | U | U | U | U | U | U | Unclear (7), low (2), high (1) | Inadequate random sequence generation |
| Derebery et al (49), 2002; CCT | H | H | L | L | U | U | U | U | L | L | Unclear (4), low (4), high (2) | Inadequate random sequence generation and allocation concealment |
| Doubova et al (50), 2010; CCT | H | H | L | L | U | U | L | L | L | L | Low (6), unclear (2), high (2) | Inadequate random sequence generation and allocation concealment |
| Ferguson et al (53), 2010; CBA | H | H | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | H | Unclear (7), high (3) | No random sequence generation and allocation concealment |
| Figueiras et al (45), 2001; cRCT | U | U | U | H | U | L | H | U | L | H | Unclear (5), high (3), low (2) | Differences at baseline measurement; follow-up losses; attrition bias |
| Geraud et al (38), 2009; RCT | U | U | U | U | U | U | H | U | U | U | Unclear (9), high (1) | Follow-up losses; attrition bias |
| Harris et al (39), 2008; RCT | L | U | L | U | U | U | H | H | U | L | Unclear (5), low (3), high (2) | Follow-up losses; attrition bias |
| Jones et al (54), 2004; CBA | H | H | H | H | U | U | H | U | L | U | High (5), unclear (4), low (1) | No random sequence generation and allocation concealment; differences at baseline measurement; follow-up losses; attrition bias |
| Keijsers et al (40), 1992; RCT | U | U | U | U | U | U | H | U | U | U | Unclear (9), high (1) | Follow-up losses; attrition bias |
| Meng et al (41), 2011; RCT | L | L | L | L | U | U | U | H | H | L | Low (5), unclear (3), high (2) | Incomplete outcome reporting; contamination of intervention |
| Rahme et al (46), 2005; cRCT | U | U | U | H | U | L | U | U | L | U | Unclear (7), low (2), high (1) | Differences at baseline measurement |
| Rossignol et al (22), 2000; RCT | L | L | H | H | L | L | U | U | U | L | Low (5), unclear (3), high (2) | Differences at baseline measurement |
| Sciamanna et al (42), 2006; RCT | U | U | L | L | U | U | L | U | U | H | Unclear (6), low (3), high (1) | Participants bias (paid) |
| Smelt et al (47), 2010; cRCT | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | U | Unclear (10) | |
| Smits et al (51), 2000; CCT | H | H | U | U | U | U | H | U | U | U | Unclear (7), high (3) | Inadequate random sequence generation and allocation concealment; follow-up losses; attrition bias |
| Stevenson et al (48), 2006; cRCT | H | U | U | H | L | U | U | U | L | L | Unclear (5), low (3), high (2) | Inadequate random sequence generation |
Components of risk of bias criteria: 1 = Sequence generation; 2 = Allocation concealment; 3 = Baseline outcome measurement; 4 = Baseline characteristics; 5 = Participants and personnel blinding; 6 = Blinding or objective assessment of primary outcome; 7 = Completeness of follow-up; 8 = Complete outcome reporting; 9 = Protection against contamination; and 10 = Other potential threats to validity. CBA Controlled before-and-after study; CCT Controlled clinical trial; cRCT Cluster randomized controlled trial; H High risk of bias; L Low risk of bias; RCT Randomized controlled trial; U Unclear risk of bias