Table 3.
Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for low back pain incidence by flexibility activities.
| No. of Incidence/Total | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | Model 4d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||
| OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | ||
| Flexibility activity | |||||
| No | 365/2979 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 225/1631 | 1.17 (0.98–1.40) | 1.14 (0.94–1.37) | 1.12 (0.93–1.35) | 1.18 (0.96–1.44) |
| P value | 0.09 | 0.18 | 0.25 | 0.12 | |
| Specific flexibility activity | |||||
| Stretching | |||||
| No | 464/3776 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 126/834 | 1.29 (1.04 – 1.59) | 1.24 (1.00 – 1.54) | 1.22 (0.98 – 1.52) | 1.26 (1.01 – 1.58) |
| P value | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.04 | |
| Calisthenics | |||||
| No | 558/4401 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 32/209 | 1.28 (0.87–1.89) | 1.24 (0.84–1.83) | 1.23 (0.83–1.81) | 1.28 (0.86–1.90) |
| P value | 0.21 | 0.29 | 0.31 | 0.23 | |
| Exercise class | |||||
| No | 574/4503 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 16/107 | 1.25 (0.72–2.17) | 1.22 (0.70–2.13) | 1.22 (0.70–2.13) | 1.25 (0.72–2.19) |
| P value | 0.42 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.43 | |
a
Adjusted for age and gender.
b
Adjusted for variables in Model 1 plus total aerobics activity (MET-minutes/wk), body mass index, current smoking (yes or no), hypertension (present or not), diabetes (present or not), and hypercholesterolemia (yes or no).
c
Adjusted for variables in Model 2 plus cardiorespiratory fitness (treadmill time duration in minutes).
d
Adjusted for variables in Model 3 plus muscle-strengthening activity (yes or no)