Table 2.
Risk factors associated with recent HIV infection among MSM, 2009–2011 (recent HIV infection versus HIV negative, N = 1253).
| Variable | Recent infection % (N) | OR (95% CI) | P | AOR (95% CI) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group in years | |||||
| 18–25 | 3.5 (16) | 1.0 | |||
| 26–35 | 3.3 (17) | 0.9 (0.5–1.9) | 0.8227 | ||
| 36–71 | 4.4 (12) | 1.2 (0.6–2.7) | 0.5706 | ||
| Education | |||||
| College or above | 3.1 (17) | 1.0 | |||
| High school or less | 3.9 (28) | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 0.4575 | ||
| Current marital status | |||||
| Unmarried | 3.1 (32) | 1.0 | |||
| Married | 6.0 (13) | 2.0 (1.0–3.9) | 0.0386 | ||
| Living with boyfriend | |||||
| Yes | 1.5 (4) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 4.2 (41) | 2.9 (1.0–8.1) | 0.0453 | ||
| Employment status | |||||
| Employed | 3.7 (44) | 1.0 | |||
| Unemployed | 1.5 (1) | 0.4 (0.1–2.9) | 0.3600 | ||
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 3.6 (39) | 1.0 | |||
| Rural | 3.5 (6) | 1.0 (0.4–2.3) | 0.9219 | ||
| Years living in Beijing | |||||
| >3 | 2.5 (18) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| ≤3 | 5.0 (27) | 2.0 (1.1–3.7) | 0.0221 | 2.1 (1.2–4.0) | 0.0153 |
| Mean monthly income (RMB), P12M | |||||
| ≥1000 | 3.6 (38) | 1.0 | |||
| <1000 | 3.7 (7) | 1.0 (0.5–2.3) | 0.9523 | ||
| Have health insurance | |||||
| Yes | 3.2 (21) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 4.0 (24) | 1.2 (0.7–2.3) | 0.4771 | ||
| Self-reported sexual orientation | |||||
| Others | 4.1 (15) | 1.0 | |||
| Homosexual | 3.4 (30) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.5443 | ||
| Self-reported preferred role in anal sex with men | |||||
| Equally | 4.6 (33) | 1.0 | |||
| Insertive | 2.1 (7) | 0.4 (0.2–1.0) | 0.0487 | ||
| Receptive | 3.1 (5) | 0.7 (0.3–1.7) | 0.3875 | ||
| No. of male sex partners, P6M | |||||
| ≤5 | 3.0 (30) | 1.0 | |||
| >5 | 5.9 (15) | 2.0 (1.1–3.8) | 0.0318 | ||
| Type of most recent male partner, P6M | |||||
| Regular | 3.3 (25) | 1.0 | |||
| Casual | 4.2 (20) | 1.3 (0.7–2.3) | 0.4473 | ||
| Venues of founding/meeting last male partner, P6M | |||||
| Internet/bar/massage/club | 3.9 (33) | 1.0 | |||
| Bathhouse/sauna/park/public rest room | 3.2 (12) | 0.8 (0.4–1.6) | 0.5326 | ||
| Venues of sex with last male partner, P6M | |||||
| Residence/bar/club/hotel | 3.3 (36) | 1.0 | |||
| Bathhouse/sauna/park/public rest room | 6.6 (9) | 2.1 (1.0–4.4) | 0.0553 | ||
| Unprotected insertive anal sex with last male partner, P6M | |||||
| No | 2.7 (14) | 1.0 | |||
| Yes | 3.8 (12) | 1.4 (0.6–3.1) | 0.3894 | ||
| Unprotected receptive anal sex with last male partner, P6M | |||||
| No | 4.8 (18) | 1.0 | |||
| Yes | 5.6 (16) | 1.2 (0.6–2.3) | 0.6490 | ||
| Knew the HIV status of most recent male partner | |||||
| Yes | 3.1 (13) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 3.9 (32) | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | 0.4914 | ||
| Disclosed HIV status to most recent male partner | |||||
| Yes | 3.4 (21) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 4.0 (24) | 1.2 (0.7–2.2) | 0.5677 | ||
| Bisexual | |||||
| No | 3.1 (32) | 1.0 | 1.0 | ||
| Yes | 6.1 (13) | 2.0 (1.1–4.0) | 0.0339 | 2.1 (1.1–4.1) | 0.0317 |
| Ever had sex with a woman | |||||
| Yes | 4.1 (26) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 3.1 (19) | 0.7 (0.4–1.4) | 0.3445 | ||
| Had female sexual partner, P6M | |||||
| Yes | 3.1 (6) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 3.7 (39) | 1.2 (0.5–2.8) | 0.7169 | ||
| Unprotected sex with most recent female partner, P6M | |||||
| No | 4.4 (2) | 1.0 | |||
| Yes | 2.8 (4) | 0.6 (0.1–3.5) | 0.5990 | ||
| Received a test for HIV, P12M | |||||
| Yes | 3.4 (24) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 3.9 (21) | 1.2 (0.6–2.1) | 0.5916 | ||
| Received free condoms/lubricant, P12M | |||||
| Yes | 3.4 (33) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 4.5 (12) | 1.4 (0.7–2.7) | 0.3725 | ||
| Bought condoms, P12M | |||||
| Yes | 4.4 (31) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 2.5 (14) | 0.6 (0.3–1.1) | 0.0768 | ||
| Received free STD examination or treatment | |||||
| Yes | 3.8 (22) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 3.4 (23) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.7632 | ||
| Received free VCT | |||||
| Yes | 3.9 (25) | 1.0 | |||
| No | 3.2 (20) | 0.8 (0.4–1.5) | 0.4989 | ||
| Main resource of knowledge of HIV/AIDS | |||||
| Internet | 3.4 (16) | 1.0 | |||
| Friend/relative/sex partner/peer education/TV/newspapers/ doctors/VCT/school education |
3.7 (29) | 1.1 (0.6–2.0) | 0.7657 | ||
| Smoking, P12M | |||||
| No | 3.7 (28) | 1.0 | |||
| Yes | 3.5 (17) | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.8265 | ||
| Negative attitudes towards safe sex (Cronbach's alpha = 0.94, range = 15–60, median = 20) |
na | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) | 0.0006 | 1.1 (1.0-1.1) | 0.0012 |
| Current test syphilis positive | |||||
| No | 3.2 (34) | 1.0 | |||
| Yes | 6.0 (11) | 1.9 (1.0–3.9) | 0.0639 | ||
| Year | |||||
| 2009 | 3.1 (15) | 1.0 | |||
| 2010 | 5.2 (19) | 1.7 (0.8–3.4) | 0.1351 | ||
| 2011 | 2.7 (11) | 0.9 (0.4–1.9) | 0.7018 |
*RMB: renminbi, approximately US $0.15; P12M: in the past 12 months; P6M: in the past 6 months; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; NA: not applicable.