Fig. 1. Influence of Viola tricolor on proliferation of activated lymphocytes.
CFSE-labeled lymphocytes (2 × 105 cells) were cultured in the presence of medium, cyclosporine A (CsA, 5 μg/mL) or different concentrations of the Viola extract (10–300 μg/mL) and activated with PHA-L (10 μg/mL) for 3 days. The proliferation of lymphocytes was analyzed using flow cytometry. The individual values (%) were listed in representative dot plots and living lymphocytes were gated as shown in (A). Data of four independent experiments are summarized in (B) shown as mean ± SD. The values are normalized (=100%) to untreated stimulated cells (ctrl). The asterisks represent significant differences of Viola extract-treated cells in comparison to control cells (**P<0.01 and ***P<0.001).