The FAD and substrate binding domains of PPO1 are not required for RNA editing. (A) Seedling phenotype and editing efficiency in various PPO1 transgenic plants and the WT. Seedlings were grown in MS medium for 5 d. ΔFAD, deletion from amino acid residues 63–69 in the FAD binding domain of PPO1; ΔS1 and ΔS2, deletion from amino acid residues 389–395 and 403–409, respectively, in the substrate binding domain of PPO1. Relative PPO1 expression level was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. FL, full-length WT PPO1. (Scale bar: 1 mm.) (B) Immunoblot analysis of NdhH and NdhK subunits in the WT and various transgenic plants. Immunoblotting against tubulin served as a loading control. Dividing lines indicate noncontiguous lanes in the gel.