Fig. 2.

Paternal prediabetes alters the expression of glucose metabolic and insulin signaling-related genes in the pancreatic islets of offspring. (A) Hierarchical cluster of differentially expressed genes. Six samples of prediabetes groups (Left) and six samples of control groups (Right) were analyzed. Red color indicates relatively up-regulated genes, and green color indicates down-regulated genes. Only genes passing the significance change (P < 0.05 and fold-change >2) are shown. (B–E) Expression levels of six MODY genes (B), glucose transporters and downstream enzymes involved in glycolysis (C), insulin signaling genes (D), and bHLH-PAS family members (E). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. The dotted line (set as 1) represents the average of expression levels of each gene from controls. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; or P values are shown above the bars.