Table 3.
Demographics and clinical signs and symptoms by mutual exclusive test positivity groups for malaria (children versus adults), typhoid fever and “others” (test positive for leptospirosis, dengue, or fever not specified)
| Group 1 malaria | Group 2 malaria | Group 3 typhoid | Group 4 others* | P value* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 8 years (N = 78) | ≥ 8 years (N = 39) | ≥ 8 years (N = 100) | ≥ 8 years (N = 313) | Group 1 vs. 2 | Group 2 vs. 3 | Group 2 vs. 4 | Group 3 vs. 4 | |
| Mean age (years) | 3.2 | 18.9 | 30.3 | 12.2 | NA | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| Male (%) | 48 (61.5) | 25 (64.1) | 49 (49.0) | 158 (50.5) | 0.95 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.89 |
| Chills (%) | 30 (38.5) | 21 (53.8) | 47 (47.0) | 190 (60.7) | 0.17 | 0.69 | 0.52 | 0.02 |
| Headache (%) | 37 (47.4) | 33 (84.6) | 84 (84.0) | 243 (77.6) | 0.00 | 0.87 | 0.43 | 0.22 |
| Myalgia (%) | 25 (32.1) | 24 (61.5) | 73 (73.0) | 184 (58.8) | 0.00 | 0.27 | 0.88 | 0.01 |
| Arthralgia (%) | 11 (14.1) | 11 (28.2) | 49 (49.0) | 109 (34.8) | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.52 | 0.02 |
| Dizziness (%) | 35 (44.9) | 27 (69.2) | 73 (73.0) | 222 (70.9) | 0.02 | 0.81 | 0.97 | 0.79 |
| Fatigue (%) | 72 (92.3) | 38 (97.4) | 99 (99.0) | 297 (94.9) | 0.49 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 0.13 |
| Skin rash (%) | 1 (1.3) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.0) | 13 (4.2) | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.96 | 0.23 |
| Abd. pain (%) | 36 (46.2) | 20 (51.3) | 50 (50.0) | 140 (44.7) | 0.74 | 0.96 | 0.55 | 0.42 |
| Nausea (%) | 31 (39.7) | 11 (28.2) | 41 (41.0) | 121 (38.7) | 0.31 | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.76 |
| Vomiting (%) | 25 (32.1) | 5 (12.8) | 17 (17.0) | 61 (19.5) | 0.04 | 0.73 | 0.43 | 0.68 |
| Diarrhea (%) | 8 (10.3) | 5 (12.8) | 9 (9.0) | 22 (7.0) | 0.91 | 0.71 | 0.34 | 0.66 |
| Resp. sympt. (%) | 46 (59.0) | 18 (46.2) | 64 (64.0) | 228 (72.8) | 0.26 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.1 |
| Mean Temp† | 38.0 | 37.5 | 36.8 | 37.2 | 0.06 | 0.00 | 0.12 | 0.00 |
| Days of fever | 4.5 | 4.2 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 0.82 | 0.62 | 0.42 | 0.66 |
| Spleen‡ (%) | 40 (51.3) | 6 (15.4) | 2 (2.0) | 17 (5.4) | 0.00 | 0.01 | 0.04 | 0.25 |
| Liver§ (%) | 6 (7.7) | 1 (2.6) | 1 (1.0) | 7 (2.2) | 0.49 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.72 |
Note: Abd. pain = Abdominal pain; Resp. sympt. = Respiratory symptoms (including cough, running nose, and sore throat); Temp. = Temperature in degree Celsius. Double and triple test-positive cases (108 cases and 21 cases, respectively) were excluded from this analysis.
*
Using χ2 or student's t test (continuous data).
†
Axillary measurement in degree Celsius.
‡
Palpable spleen enlargement.
§
Palpable liver enlargement.