Skip to main content
. 2013 Oct 16;306(3):C187–C197. doi: 10.1152/ajpcell.00277.2013

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Microbial regulation of exocytosis. Microbial escape from host epithelial cells utilizes host exocytic pathways. Acidification of the phagocytic vacuole activates listeriolysin O (LLO) and facilitates Listeria monocytogenes entry into host cytosol. Following replication, L. monocytogenes escapes host cells by actin-based motility and spreads to neighboring cells in a nonlytic manner. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) invade host epithelial cells by zipper mechanism, and then reside in CD63/Rab27b/caveolin-1 positive fusiform vesicles. Activation of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) by UPEC-derived LPS increases intracellular cAMP, and results in vesicle exocytosis and UPEC escape. Viral escape from host epithelial cells is dependent on the site of replication. Viruses that replicate in the nucleus are transported through the ER to the trans-Golgi network (TGN), where sorting and targeting to the apical or basolateral membranes occur.