Table 2.
Animal hosts for vibrio, as demonstrated by numerical enrichment and biological mechanisms supporting association.
| Host | References, study site | Associated vibrios | Enumeration method | Enrichment, survival advantage | Host site, mechanism of association |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| INVERTEBRATES | |||||
| Freshwater | |||||
| Acanthamoeba protozoa | Abd et al., 2005, 2007, 2010; Sandström et al., 2010: in vitro | V. cholerae O1, O139; V. mimicus | Culture, microscopy | In vitro survival advantage: replicate intracellularly >14 days | Cytoplasm, cysts; protected from antibiotics and predation |
| Chironomid midge egg masses | Broza and Halpern, 2001; Halpern et al., 2003, 2008: in vitro | V. cholerae isolates from Israeli rivers and waste-stabilization ponds | Culture | In vitro survival advantage: 103 greater cell counts compared to growth in medium alone | Gelatinous egg matrix; can use gelatinous material as sole carbon source, degrading via secreted hemagglutinin/protease |
| Zooplankton: cladoceran Diaphanosoma mongolianum, from alkaline lake, Germany | Kirschner et al., 2011: in vitro | V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 isolate from alkaline lake, Germany | Fluorescence in situ hybridization | In vitro survival advantage, but not enrichment: up to 6-fold increase in growth rate of cells in surrounding medium; 105–107 cells attached compared to 106–107 cells in surrounding medium | Probable use of host exudates |
| Estuarine and marine | |||||
| Zooplankton: Estuarine copepods, espp. Acartia and Eurytemora | Simidu et al., 1971: Japan; Sochard et al., 1979: Gulf of Mexico; Huq et al., 1983, 1984: in vitro; Colwell, 1996: in vitro; Mueller et al., 2007: in vitro; Preheim et al., 2011a: Massachusetts estuary, USA | Vibrio spp., espp. V. cholerae | Culture | In situ and in vitro enrichment shown in some cases, with up to 105 cells per host. Can dominate culturable surface- and gut-attached communities | Possible preference for oral region and egg sac, due to proximity to host exudates; preference for live versus dead hosts unclear |
| Corals, incl. Acropora hyacinthus, Oculina patagonica, Mussimilia hispida, Stylophora pistillata | Koren and Rosenberg, 2006: Israel; Kvennefors et al., 2010: Great Barrier Reef; Chimetto et al., 2008; Sharon and Rosenberg, 2008; Koenig et al., 2011; Krediet et al., 2013 | Spp. incl. V. alginolyticus, harveyi, splendidus | Culture, molecular | In situ enrichment: can dominate mucus community, according to both culturing and molecular methods; can dominate culturable diazotrophs (found for Mussimilia hispida) | Mucus. Metabolize mucus; diazotrophs likely contribute nitrogen to hosts; may adapt to host antimicrobials via antibiotic-resistance gene acquisition; can inhibit pathogen colonization |
| Shellfish: blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus | Davis and Sizemore, 1982: Texas, USA | Spp. incl. V. cholerae, vulnificus, parahaemolyticus | Culture | In situ enrichment: Dominant culturable bacteria in hemolymph | Hemolymph; mechanism untested |
| Shellfish: oysters | Murphree and Tamplin, 1995; Froelich and Oliver, 2013 | Spp. incl. V. cholerae, parahaemolyticus, vulnificus | Culture | In situ enrichment, via host filtration: can be concentrated by up to 104 compared to surrounding water | Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants concentrated from food and water |
| Shellfish: abalone, Haliotis | Reviewed in Sawabe (2006) | V. haliotis | Culture | In situ enrichment: ~70% of culturable gut bacteria; reproducibly specific association | Gut; may contribute to host seaweed digestion via alginolytic activity |
| Squids: Sepiolid (Euprymna scolopes) and loligonoid | Reviewed in Ruby and Lee (1998); Stabb (2006) | V. fischeri | Culture, molecular | Exclusive light organ symbiotes | Bioluminescent symbiotes of nutrient-rich light organ. Colonize immature squid; in mature fish, are expelled and recolonize daily, outcompeting nonsymbiotes |
| Vertebrates | |||||
| Bluefish | Newman et al., 1972: New York, USA | Vibrio spp. | Culture | In situ enrichment: can dominate gut bacteria | |
| Coral reef fishes, incl. surgeonfish Acanthurus nigricans, parrotfish C. sordidus, snapper Lutjanus bohar | Sutton and Clements, 1988; Smriga et al., 2010: Palmyra Atoll, northern Pacific | Spp. including V. agarivorans, coralliilyticus, fortis, furnissii, ponticus, qinhuangdaora, nigripulchritudo; Photobacterium spp. | Culture, molecular | In situ enrichment: can dominate gut bacteria, according to both culturing and molecular methods. Molecular quantification: 10% of A. nigricans gut community, 71% of C. sordidus, 76% of L. bohar | Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food (i.e., coral, for parrotfish) and water |
| Flashlight fishes (Anamalopidae) and anglerfishes (Ceratioidei) | Haygood and Distel, 1993 | Novel Vibrio spp. | Molecular | Exclusive light organ symbiotes | Bioluminescent symbiotes of nutrient-rich light organ |
| Flatfishes incl. Rajidae skate, lemon sole Microstomus kitt, turbot Scopthalmus maximus | Liston, 1957: Scotland, UK; Xing et al., 2013: fish farm, China | Spp. incl. V. cholerae, parahaemolyticus, cholerae; Photobacterium spp. | Culture, molecular | In situ enrichment: Can dominate gut bacteria, according to both culturing (35–74%, M. kitt) and molecular (~80%, S. maximus) methods | Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food and water |
| Jackmackerel Trachurus japonicus | Aiso et al., 1968: Japan | Vibrio spp. | Culture | In situ enrichment: 27% of stomach culturable bacteria, 100% of intestine | Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food and water |
| Salmonidae, incl. pink salmon Onchorhynchus gorbuscha, chum salmon O. keta, sockeye salmon O. nerka, Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha | Yoshimizu and Kimura, 1976: Japanese coast, East Bering Sea | Vibrio spp. | Culture | In situ enrichment: dominate gut bacteria of saltwater-dwelling (but not freshwater) salmonids; on average represent 69% of saltwater gut community | Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food and water |
| Sea bream Pagrus major, Acanthopagrus schlegeli | Muroga et al., 1987: Japan | Vibrio spp. | Culture | In situ enrichment: ~45% of culturable gut bacteria | Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food and water |