INVERTEBRATES |
Freshwater |
Acanthamoeba protozoa |
Abd et al., 2005, 2007, 2010; Sandström et al., 2010: in vitro
|
V. cholerae O1, O139; V. mimicus
|
Culture, microscopy |
In vitro survival advantage: replicate intracellularly >14 days |
Cytoplasm, cysts; protected from antibiotics and predation |
Chironomid midge egg masses |
Broza and Halpern, 2001; Halpern et al., 2003, 2008: in vitro
|
V. cholerae isolates from Israeli rivers and waste-stabilization ponds |
Culture |
In vitro survival advantage: 103 greater cell counts compared to growth in medium alone |
Gelatinous egg matrix; can use gelatinous material as sole carbon source, degrading via secreted hemagglutinin/protease |
Zooplankton: cladoceran Diaphanosoma mongolianum, from alkaline lake, Germany |
Kirschner et al., 2011: in vitro
|
V. cholerae non-O1/non-O139 isolate from alkaline lake, Germany |
Fluorescence in situ hybridization |
In vitro survival advantage, but not enrichment: up to 6-fold increase in growth rate of cells in surrounding medium; 105–107 cells attached compared to 106–107 cells in surrounding medium |
Probable use of host exudates |
Estuarine and marine |
Zooplankton: Estuarine copepods, espp. Acartia and Eurytemora
|
Simidu et al., 1971: Japan; Sochard et al., 1979: Gulf of Mexico; Huq et al., 1983, 1984: in vitro; Colwell, 1996: in vitro; Mueller et al., 2007: in vitro; Preheim et al., 2011a: Massachusetts estuary, USA |
Vibrio spp., espp. V. cholerae
|
Culture |
In situ and in vitro enrichment shown in some cases, with up to 105 cells per host. Can dominate culturable surface- and gut-attached communities |
Possible preference for oral region and egg sac, due to proximity to host exudates; preference for live versus dead hosts unclear |
Corals, incl. Acropora hyacinthus, Oculina patagonica, Mussimilia hispida, Stylophora pistillata
|
Koren and Rosenberg, 2006: Israel; Kvennefors et al., 2010: Great Barrier Reef; Chimetto et al., 2008; Sharon and Rosenberg, 2008; Koenig et al., 2011; Krediet et al., 2013
|
Spp. incl. V. alginolyticus, harveyi, splendidus
|
Culture, molecular |
In situ enrichment: can dominate mucus community, according to both culturing and molecular methods; can dominate culturable diazotrophs (found for Mussimilia hispida) |
Mucus. Metabolize mucus; diazotrophs likely contribute nitrogen to hosts; may adapt to host antimicrobials via antibiotic-resistance gene acquisition; can inhibit pathogen colonization |
Shellfish: blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus
|
Davis and Sizemore, 1982: Texas, USA |
Spp. incl. V. cholerae, vulnificus, parahaemolyticus
|
Culture |
In situ enrichment: Dominant culturable bacteria in hemolymph |
Hemolymph; mechanism untested |
Shellfish: oysters |
Murphree and Tamplin, 1995; Froelich and Oliver, 2013
|
Spp. incl. V. cholerae, parahaemolyticus, vulnificus
|
Culture |
In situ enrichment, via host filtration: can be concentrated by up to 104 compared to surrounding water |
Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants concentrated from food and water |
Shellfish: abalone, Haliotis
|
Reviewed in Sawabe (2006) |
V. haliotis |
Culture |
In situ enrichment: ~70% of culturable gut bacteria; reproducibly specific association |
Gut; may contribute to host seaweed digestion via alginolytic activity |
Squids: Sepiolid (Euprymna scolopes) and loligonoid |
Reviewed in Ruby and Lee (1998); Stabb (2006) |
V. fischeri |
Culture, molecular |
Exclusive light organ symbiotes |
Bioluminescent symbiotes of nutrient-rich light organ. Colonize immature squid; in mature fish, are expelled and recolonize daily, outcompeting nonsymbiotes |
Vertebrates |
Bluefish |
Newman et al., 1972: New York, USA |
Vibrio spp. |
Culture |
In situ enrichment: can dominate gut bacteria |
|
Coral reef fishes, incl. surgeonfish Acanthurus nigricans, parrotfish C. sordidus, snapper Lutjanus bohar
|
Sutton and Clements, 1988; Smriga et al., 2010: Palmyra Atoll, northern Pacific |
Spp. including V. agarivorans, coralliilyticus, fortis, furnissii, ponticus, qinhuangdaora, nigripulchritudo; Photobacterium spp. |
Culture, molecular |
In situ enrichment: can dominate gut bacteria, according to both culturing and molecular methods. Molecular quantification: 10% of A. nigricans gut community, 71% of C. sordidus, 76% of L. bohar
|
Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food (i.e., coral, for parrotfish) and water |
Flashlight fishes (Anamalopidae) and anglerfishes (Ceratioidei) |
Haygood and Distel, 1993
|
Novel Vibrio spp. |
Molecular |
Exclusive light organ symbiotes |
Bioluminescent symbiotes of nutrient-rich light organ |
Flatfishes incl. Rajidae skate, lemon sole Microstomus kitt, turbot Scopthalmus maximus
|
Liston, 1957: Scotland, UK; Xing et al., 2013: fish farm, China |
Spp. incl. V. cholerae, parahaemolyticus, cholerae; Photobacterium spp. |
Culture, molecular |
In situ enrichment: Can dominate gut bacteria, according to both culturing (35–74%, M. kitt) and molecular (~80%, S. maximus) methods |
Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food and water |
Jackmackerel Trachurus japonicus
|
Aiso et al., 1968: Japan |
Vibrio spp. |
Culture |
In situ enrichment: 27% of stomach culturable bacteria, 100% of intestine |
Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food and water |
Salmonidae, incl. pink salmon Onchorhynchus gorbuscha, chum salmon O. keta, sockeye salmon O. nerka, Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha
|
Yoshimizu and Kimura, 1976: Japanese coast, East Bering Sea |
Vibrio spp. |
Culture |
In situ enrichment: dominate gut bacteria of saltwater-dwelling (but not freshwater) salmonids; on average represent 69% of saltwater gut community |
Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food and water |
Sea bream Pagrus major, Acanthopagrus schlegeli
|
Muroga et al., 1987: Japan |
Vibrio spp. |
Culture |
In situ enrichment: ~45% of culturable gut bacteria |
Gut; unclear whether true gut microbionts, or transient occupants ingested from food and water |