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Schematic demonstrating the novel hypothesis that circulating mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), released following cell injury from modest elevations in total peripheral resistance, leads to TLR9 activation in VSMCs, ECs, and immune cells (e.g., monocytes and macrophages). This can subsequently activate a positive feedback loop, exacerbating further cell injury and/or death and promoting vascular remodeling and hypertension.
