(A) Body weight and percentage weight gain in mice fed a HFD or RD for 11 weeks. (B) Serum lipid concentrations were determined in the same groups of mice as in figure. 1A after overnight fasting. (C) The stool characteristics in the HFD and RD mice, and in ob/ob mice. (D) Comparison of the mean transit times of gastrointestinal transit marker between mice fed a HFD or RD showing significantly slower whole-intestinal transit in HFD (greater transit time). (E) Colonic bead propulsion test revealing slower colonic transit (higher time to expel) in HFD compared with RD. HFD indicates high-fat diet; RD, regular diet. Results presented as mean ± SEM. *P<0.05, ** P<0.01, ***P<0.001, n=5.