Cytotoxic response to carbon nanofibers, SWCNT, or asbestos exposure. Mice were exposed via pharyngeal aspiration with SWCNT (40 μg/mouse), carbon nanofibers (40 or 120 μg/mouse), or crocidolite asbestos (120 μg/mouse), and by inhalation to SWCNT (lung burden of 5 μg). Animals were killed 1 yr postexposure. LDH, lactate dehydrogenase. Means ± SE (n = 6 mice per group). *P > 0.05 vs. control; αP > 0.05 vs. CNF aspiration exposure; βP > 0.05 vs. asbestos aspiration exposure, ωP > 0.05 vs. SWCNT aspiration exposure.