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Interactions between TA systems. (A) In most cases, antitoxins and toxins only interact with their cognate partners; (B) chromosomal systems can interact with homologous systems, such as for anti-addiction; (C) TA systems can bind non-canonical antitoxins and toxins, which can lead to network formation and (D) a toxin can be inhibited by a protein not related to TA systems, as in the case of Dmd of the T4 phage.
