Table 2. Characteristics of participants according to quintiles of calcium intake in NIPPON DATA80a .
| Quintiles of calcium intake | P-valueb | |||||
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | Q5 | ||
| Men | ||||||
| Calcium intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 63.7–179.3 | 179.4–208.5 | 208.6–237.4 | 237.5–273.5 | 273.6–637.2 | |
| n | 916 | 917 | 919 | 916 | 917 | |
| Age (years) | 45.1 (11.9) | 46.8 (12.0) | 49.3 (13.0) | 51.7 (13.1) | 56.8 (13.7) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.5 (2.8) | 22.6 (2.8) | 22.5 (2.9) | 22.6 (2.9) | 22.4 (2.9) | 0.42 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 185.9 (32.7) | 187.4 (33.0) | 186.4 (32.3) | 184.1 (31.9) | 187.9 (34.1) | 0.12 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 135.8 (20.5) | 136.4 (21.1) | 137.8 (20.7) | 139.5 (21.1) | 142.4 (21.3) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 82.9 (12.6) | 83.0 (12.3) | 83.8 (12.3) | 84.1 (12.3) | 83.8 (12.4) | 0.15 |
| Current smoker (%) | 69.4 | 65.4 | 62.8 | 59.8 | 58.3 | <0.001 |
| Current drinker (%) | 77.4 | 78.1 | 74.2 | 73.2 | 68.9 | <0.001 |
| Total energy (kcal) | 2461.1 (528.4) | 2444.4 (485.3) | 2409.3 (481.1) | 2415.6 (472.0) | 2275.9 (521.3) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (%kcal) | 60.6 (6.4) | 60.1 (6.1) | 59.9 (6.2) | 59.3 (6.3) | 58.8 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Protein (%kcal) | 13.8 (1.6) | 14.5 (1.7) | 15.1 (1.8) | 15.5 (1.9) | 16.5 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Fat (%kcal) | 19.5 (5.6) | 19.9 (5.1) | 19.8 (4.9) | 20.2 (5.2) | 20.5 (5.2) | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat (%kcal) | 5.3 (1.3) | 5.6 (1.4) | 5.6 (1.3) | 5.8 (1.5) | 6.0 (1.7) | 0.001 |
| Vitamin A (mg/1000 kcal) | 519.7 (198.4) | 648.0 (221.5) | 721.6 (256.2) | 800.5 (301.0) | 942.7 (392.9) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) | 33.9 (11.6) | 41.1 (13.2) | 46.0 (14.6) | 50.7 (16.2) | 59.8 (22.4) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) | 2075.3 (630.0) | 2346.9 (653.3) | 2478.3 (723.6) | 2662.0 (834.3) | 2889.0 (1000.0) | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1042.7 (147.1) | 1170.8 (144.0) | 1262.1 (143.2) | 1363.7 (171.0) | 1532.8 (237.0) | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal) | 5.3 (0.8) | 5.9 (0.7) | 6.3 (0.8) | 6.7 (0.9) | 7.4 (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Women | ||||||
| Calcium intake (mg/1000 kcal) | 86.3–217.3 | 217.4–250.8 | 250.9–284.9 | 285.0–328.8 | 328.9–731.2 | |
| n | 1166 | 1169 | 1167 | 1167 | 1168 | |
| Age (years) | 46.1 (12.9) | 47.2 (13.1) | 49.7 (13.4) | 51.9 (13.2) | 55.4 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8 (3.5) | 22.6 (3.3) | 22.8 (3.4) | 22.9 (3.2) | 23.0 (3.3) | 0.10 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 186.0 (32.9) | 188.4 (33.9) | 190.3 (34.4) | 193.1 (33.4) | 198.2 (34.1) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 131.3 (21.4) | 131.8 (21.1) | 133.3 (21.8) | 135.4 (21.5) | 137.4 (22.3) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 78.6 (12.2) | 78.7 (11.8) | 79.6 (12.7) | 80.1 (11.2) | 80.8 (11.9) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker (%) | 12.2 | 10.9 | 9.3 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 0.041 |
| Current drinker (%) | 21.8 | 23.5 | 20.5 | 18.7 | 17.3 | 0.002 |
| Total energy (kcal) | 1982.3 (428.7) | 1946.9 (377.5) | 1935.1 (931.4) | 1927.8 (368.5) | 1854.9 (431.7) | <0.001 |
| Carbohydrate (%kcal) | 63.3 (6.8) | 62.3 (6.8) | 62.1 (6.7) | 61.8 (6.8) | 60.9 (6.8) | <0.001 |
| Protein (%kcal) | 14.1 (1.6) | 14.9 (1.8) | 15.4 (1.8) | 15.9 (1.9) | 17.0 (2.2) | <0.001 |
| Fat (%kcal) | 20.9 (6.0) | 21.7 (5.8) | 21.6 (5.6) | 21.9 (5.6) | 22.4 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| Saturated fat (%kcal) | 5.7 (1.5) | 6.1 (1.6) | 6.2 (1.6) | 6.3 (1.7) | 6.6 (1.8) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin A (mg/1000 kcal) | 610.0 (242.4) | 753.5 (257.8) | 843.1 (306.6) | 942.7 (352.7) | 1134.4 (473.8) | <0.001 |
| Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal) | 45.2 (15.7) | 54.3 (17.6) | 60.2 (18.8) | 67.4 (22.4) | 79.3 (28.8) | <0.001 |
| Sodium (mg/1000 kcal) | 2246.8 (662.3) | 2520.1 (727.6) | 2632.2 (723.9) | 2810.9 (796.3) | 3111.6 (1082.7) | <0.001 |
| Potassium (mg/1000 kcal) | 1178.7 (170.7) | 1328.8 (170.9) | 1423.9 (178.0) | 1537.0 (198.1) | 1745.2 (273.3) | <0.001 |
| Iron (mg/1000 kcal) | 5.9 (0.8) | 6.5 (0.9) | 6.9 (1.0) | 7.5 (1.0) | 8.3 (1.4) | <0.001 |
aMean (SD).
bSignificance of difference was determined by ANOVA or chi-square test.