Fig. 3.

Mn leads to glutamate accumulation in the astrocytic media, whereas E2/TX reverses this effect. Cells were treated for 6 or 24 h with Mn or E2/TX, after which 20 μM glutamate were added to the cell cultures, followed by 30 min of incubation. Glutamate levels in the media were measured by a fluorimetric method. (a) Astrocytes were treated for 6 h with Mn. (b) Astrocytes were treated for 24 h with Mn or E2/TX. For one set of each experiment, cells were pre-treated for 24 h with E2 20 nM prior to Mn (250 μM for 6 or 24 h) treatment. ^ap < 0.05 vs. control, ^bp < 0.05 vs. Mn 250 μM, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 vs. control; Tukey's test following anova. Data are expressed as the mean ± SEM (n = 5–8).