Table 2.

Multiple Linear Regression Analyses Showing Effects of Cognitive Reserve, Gender, Depression and Lifetime History of Substance Use Disorders on Cognitive Functioning.

	Adjusted R2	F	Standardized β	Effect Size (Cohen’s d)	p
Attention	0.12	3.01			0.02*
CR statusa					0.02*
(HA)			0.38	0.83	0.01*
(HCV High CR)			0.34	0.95	0.02*
Genderb (female)			−0.08		0.48
BDI-II			−0.21		0.07
LT SUD historyc			0.02		0.88
Learning	0.05	1.76			0.13
CR statusa					0.19
(HA)			0.26	0.11	0.83
(HCV High CR)			1.82	0.75	0.09
Genderb (female)			−0.05		0.68
BDI-II			−0.15		0.20
LT SUD historyc			−0.16		0.22
Memory	0.15	3.67			0.005*
CR statusa					0.06
(HA)			0.25	0.80	0.07
(HCV High CR)			0.31	0.78	0.02*
Genderb (female)			−0.10		0.37
BDI-II			−0.31		0.008
LT SUD historyc			−0.06		0.62
Fluency	0.09	2.55			0.035*
CR statusa					0.01*
(HA)			0.31	0.72	0.04*
(HCV High CR)			0.43	1.11	0.003*
Genderb (female)			0.05		0.69
BDI-II			0.03		0.82
LT SUD historyc			−0.08		0.55
Executive Function	0.17	4.12			0.002*
CR statusa					0.0007*
(HA)			0.23	0.67	0.10
(HCV High CR)			0.53	1.32	0.0002*
Gender b (female)			0.01		0.92
BDI-II			−0.12		0.28
LT SUD historyc			0.01		0.90

Note: CR = cognitive reserve; HA = healthy adults; BDI-II = Beck Depression Inventory-II, LT SUD = Lifetime substance use disorders.

^aHCV Low CR group is the reference.

^bMale is the reference.

^cPresence of LT SUD history is the reference.