Table 4. Estimates of treatment effects on plant sizes of all species throughout the growing season.

	Effect ± sd	t-value	p-value
Intercept (Normal)	0.22±0.03	6.56
Deep	−0.02±0.02	−0.88	0.379
Medium	−0.02±0.02	−1.12	0.263
Removed	0.02±0.02	0.75	0.456
Shallow	−0.06±0.02	−3.54	<0.001
df	294

Effect values other than the intercept (here: Normal treatment) are deviations from the latter. Species-specific size measurements were scaled to a common range between 0 and 1. Given are standard deviation (sd), t- and p-value and degrees of freedom (df) of the model. Normal = unmanipulated snow cover; Removed = snow removal on 1. May; Shallow = naturally early snowmelt; Medium = intermediately increased snow; Deep = maximally increased snow.