Table 1.
Evidence for the role of specific major pathogens in the aetiopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease in the last decade n (%)
| Year | Pathogen | Disease | Sample type |
Detection rate |
Reference | ||
| CD | UC | Control | |||||
| 2003 | MAP | CD | Tissue | 34/37 (92) | 9/34 (26) | [85] | |
| 2003 | MAP | CD and UC | Tissue | 0/24 (0) | 1/28 (4) | 6/19 (32) | [94] |
| 2003 | Helicobacter | CD and UC | Tissue | 0/9 (0) | 0/11 (0) | 0/10 (0) | [109] |
| 2004 | MAP | CD and UC | Blood | 107/283 (37.8) | 50/144 (34.7) | 135/402 (33.6) | [92] |
| 2004 | MAP | CD and UC | Blood | 13/28 (46) | 4/9 (45) | 3/15 (20) | [86] |
| 2004 | H. pylori | UC | Tissue | 8/42 (19) | 7/74 (9.5) | [110] | |
| 2004 | Helicobacter | CD and UC | Tissue | 1/25 (4) | 5/33 (15.2) | 0/29 (0) | [111] |
| 2004 | Helicobacter | CD and UC | Tissue | 0/30 (0) | 0/26 (0) | 0/25 (0) | [112] |
| 2004 | EHH | CD and UC | Tissue | 3/25 (12) | 3/18 (17) | 1/23 (4) | [113] |
| H. pullorum | 2/25 (8) | 0/18 (0) | 1/23 (4) | ||||
| H. fennelliae | 1/25 (4) | 3/18 (17) | 0/23 (0) | ||||
| H. pylori | 8/25 (32) | 5/18 (28) | 14/23 (61) | ||||
| 2004 | Helicobacter | CD, UC and IC | Tissue | 0/11 (0) | 1/20 (5) | 0/37 (0) | [114] |
| 2004 | E. coli | CD and UC | Tissue | 11/14 (79) | 8/21 (38) | 10/24 (42) | [156] |
| AIEC | 10/14 (71) | 10/21 (48) | 7/24 (29) | ||||
| 2004 | AIEC | CD | Tissue | 7/63 (11.1) | 1/16 (6.3) | [154] | |
| 2004 | E. coli | CD | Tissue | 12/15 (80) | 1/10 (10) | [158] | |
| 2006 | E. coli | CD and UC | Tissue | 9/12 (75) | 7/7 (100) | 2/8 (25) | [159] |
| 2007 | AIEC | CD and UC | Tissue | 8/13 (61.5) | 11/19 (57.9) | 4/15 (26.7) | [160] |
| 2008 | Helicobacter | CD | Faeces | 17/29 (59) | 1/11 (9) | [115] | |
| EHH | 11/29 (38) | 1/11 (9) | |||||
| H. pylori | 6/29 (21) | 0/11 (0) | |||||
| H. trogontum | 4/29 (14) | 1/11 (9) | |||||
| H. canis | 5/29 (17) | 0/11 (0) | |||||
| H. bilis | 4/29 (14) | 0/11 (0) | |||||
| H. cinaedi | 1/29 (3) | 0/11 (0) | |||||
| 2009 | AIEC | CD | Tissue | 14/27 (51.9) | 4/24 (16.7) | [155] | |
| 2009 | Helicobacter | CD | Tissue | 32/73 (43.8) | 43/92 (46.7) | [116] | |
| EHH | 18/73 (24.7) | 16/92 (17.4) | |||||
| H. pylori | 29/73 (39.7) | 39/92 (42.4) | |||||
| H. pullorum | 8/73 (11) | 6/92 (6.5) | |||||
| H. canndensis | 10/73 (13.7) | 10/92 (10.9) | |||||
| 2009 | Campylobacter | CD | Tissue | 27/33 (82) | 12/52 (23) | [131] | |
| C. concisus | 17/33 (51) | 1/52 (2) | |||||
| C. showae | 3/33 (9) | 0/52 (0) | |||||
| C. hominis | 2/33 (6) | 2/52 (4) | |||||
| C. gracilis | 2/33 (6) | 0/52 (0) | |||||
| C. rectus | 1/33 (3) | 2/52 (4) | |||||
| C. jejuni | 1/33 (3) | 3/52 (6) | |||||
| C. ureolyticus | 1/33 (3) | 2/52 (4) | |||||
| 2010 | Helicobacter | CD | Tissue | 32/77 (41.6) | 23/102 (22.5) | [117] | |
| EHH | 18/77 (23.4) | 12/102 (11.8) | |||||
| H. pylori | 14/77 (18.2) | 11/102 (10.8) | |||||
| H. bilis | 1/77 (1.3) | 1/102 (1.0) | |||||
| H. canis | 2/77 (2.6) | 0/102 (0.0) | |||||
| H. hepaticus | 2/77 (2.6) | 2/102 (2.0) | |||||
| H. trogontum | 5/77 (6.5) | 4/102 (3.9) | |||||
| 2010 | Campylobacter | CD | Faeces | 39/54 (72) | 10/33 (10) | [132] | |
| C. concisus | 35/54 (65) | 11/33 (33) | |||||
| 2010 | C. concisus | CD and UC | Saliva | 13/13 (100) | 5/5 (100) | 57/59 (97) | [136] |
| 2011 | Helicobacter | UC | Tissue | 32/77 (42) | 11/59 (19) | [118] | |
| EHH | 30/77 (39) | 2/59 (3) | |||||
| H. pylori | 2/77 (3) | 9/59 (15) | |||||
| 2011 | C. concisus | CD, UC and IC | Tissue | 8/12 (66.7) | 3/8 (37.5) | 11/26 (42.3) | [133] |
| 2011 | Campylobacter | UC | Tissue | 51/69 (73.9) | 15/65 (23.1) | [135] | |
| C. concisus | 23/69 (33.3) | 7/65 (10.8) | |||||
| C. ureolyticus | 15/69 (21.7) | 2/65 (10.8) | |||||
| C. hominis | 14/69 (20.3) | 5/65 (7.7) | |||||
| C. curvus | 3/69 (4.3) | 4/65 (6.2) | |||||
| C. showae | 4/69 (5.8) | 0/65 (0) | |||||
| C. jejuni | 2/69 (2.9) | 0/65 (0) | |||||
| C. gracilis | 1/69 (1.4) | 0/65 (0) | |||||
| 2011 | Campylobacter | CD and UC | Tissue | 12/15 (80) | 11/13 (85) | 18/33 (48) | [134] |
| C. concisus | 10/15 (67) | 9/13 (69) | 12/33 (36) | ||||
| C. showae | 1/15 (7) | 2/13 (15) | 2/33 (6) | ||||
| C. hominis | 1/15 (7) | 1/13 (8) | 3/33 (9) | ||||
| C. ureolyticus | 2/15 (13) | 1/13 (8) | 2/33 (6) | ||||
| C. gracilis | 1/15 (7) | 1/13 (8) | 0/33 (0) | ||||
| C. rectus | 0/15 (0) | 1/13 (8) | 0/33 (0) | ||||
| C. jejuni | 1/15 (7) | 0/13 (0) | 0/33 (0) | ||||
| 2012 | AIEC | CD and UC | Tissue | 1/17 (5.9) | 1/10 (10) | 0/23 (0) | [166] |
| 2013 | Helicobacter | CD and UC | Tissue | 4/29 (13.8) | 1/13 (7.7) | 5/42 (11.9) | [119] |
| H. brantae | 1/59 (3.4) | 0/13 (0) | 0/42 (0) | ||||
| H. hepaticus | 1/59 (3.4) | 0/13 (0) | 0/42 (0) | ||||
| 2013 | Campylobacter | CD and UC | Tissue | 22/29 (75.9) | 9/13 (69) | 32/42 (76.2) | [119] |
| C. concisus | 13/29 (44.8) | 4/13 (30.8) | 16/42 (38.1) | ||||
| C. curvus | 2/29 (6.9) | 0/13 (0) | 3/42 (7.1) | ||||
| C. gracilis | 1/29 (3.4) | 0/13 (0) | 2/42 (4.8) | ||||
| C. hominis | 9/29 (31.0) | 5/13 (38.5) | 14/42 (33.3) | ||||
| C. rectus | 0/29 (0) | 0/13 (0) | 4/42 (9.5) | ||||
| C. showae | 9/29 (31.0) | 5/13 (38.5) | 9/42 (21.4) | ||||
| C. ureolyticus | 0/29 (0) | 0/13 (0) | 2/42 (4.8) | ||||
CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; IC: Indeterminate colitis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; MAP: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis; EHH: Enterohepatic Helicobacter; E. coli: Escherichia coli; AIEC: Adherent-invasive E. coli.