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Determinants of the response time in activating vasoconstriction (top) and dilation (bottom). A 25% increase in the maximum rate of plasma membrane Ca2+ pumps (IPMCA,max) or a 25% decrease in the conductance of L-type (GCaL) or background (GCa,b) Ca2+ channels significantly augments the rate of Ca2+ efflux from the cell and reduces [Ca2+]cyt. Hence, these changes each lengthen the contractile response time (top), and conversely shorten the dilatory response time (bottom).
