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Non–muscle invasive bladder cancer pathways adapted from World J Urol. 2011 29: 291–301. Abbreviations: BCG – bacillus calmette–guérin, CIS – carcinoma in situ, CXR – chest X–ray, INF – interferon–alpha, IVU – intravenous urogram, LUTS – lower urinary tract symptoms, LND – lymph node dissection, MIBC – muscle invasive bladder.cancer, NMIBC – non–muscle invasive bladder cancer, Prostatic TCC – transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate, TB – tuberculosis [34].
