Table 4.
Chronic effects of restricted calorie diets with varying amount of fats on low grade inflammation in obese and overweight individuals
| Subjects: n (F/M) | Design | Dietary intervention | Inflammatory response | Remarks | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overweight: 15 (-/15) |
Crossover: 6-week |
VLCKD 60% en total fat, 10% en CHO, 30% en protein Unlimited type of fat or cholesterol amount from sources such as beef, poultry, fish, oils, various nuts/seeds, moderate amount of vegetables, salads with low-carbohydrate dressings, moderate amount of cheese, eggs, protein powder, water/ low-carbohydrate diet drinks, low-carbohydrate bars and shakes *Customied diabetic exchange lists were used. |
TNF-α, IL-6, hsCRP, sICAM-1: both VLCKD & LFD ↓ vs baseline: NS sP-sel: NS Body weight: VLCKD ↓ 6.5 kg, LFD ↓3.7 kg |
Protein intake not standardised across diets |
[84] |
| |
|
LFD 25% en fat, 55% en CHO, 20% en protein (< 10% SFA, < 300 mg cholesterol) |
|
|
|
| Overweight: 20 |
Parallel: 12-week |
VLCKD 60% en fat 10% en CHO 30% en protein Unlimited amount of beef, poultry, fish, eggs, oils and heavy creams; moderate amount of hard cheeses, low-carbohydrate vegetables and salad dressings; small amount of nuts, nut butters and seeds. |
TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1, E-selectin, sICAM-1 PAI-1: both VLCKD & LFD ↓ vs baseline; VLKCD ↓↓ IL-6, CRP, VEGF, P-sel, EGF and sVCAM-1: both VLCKD & LFD ↓ vs baseline; NS |
Protein intake not standardised across diets Dyslipidemic subjects were included |
[85] |
| LFD 25% en fat, 55% en CHO, 20% en protein (< 10% SFA, < 300 mg cholesterol) Whole grains (bread, cereals and pastas), fruit/fruit juices, vegetables, vegetables oils, low at dairy, and lean meat products *Standard diabetic exchange lists were used. |
Body weight: VLCKD ↓ 5.6 kg, LFD ↓3.7 kg |
VLCKD, very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet; LFD, low fat diet; CHO, carbohydrate; % en, percentage energy; SFA, saturated fats; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor- alpha; IL, interleukin; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; sICAM-1, soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1; sP-sel, soluble P-selectin; MCP-1, monochemoattractant protein-1; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; sVCAM-1,soluble vascular adhesion molecule-1; NS, no significant difference between diets; ↓, reduced concentrations; ↓↓, greater reduction compared to the other diets.