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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Feb 12.
Published in final edited form as: Neurosci Lett. 2009 Jan 30;453(1):62–67. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.066

Figure 3.

Figure 3

The effect of intracellular application of opioid analgesics in whole-cell configurations. (A) Representative traces show the currents in a control pipette solution and in the presence of intracellular morphine (10 mM), oxycodone (10 mM), fentanyl (10 mM), lidocaine (10 mM) and the lidocaine derivative QX-314 (10 mM). Currents were elicited by 20-ms depolarizing steps from a holding potential of −70 mV to a test potential of −20 mV. Pulses were applied until steady-state sodium currents were achieved. (B) Bar graphs summarize steady-state sodium currents with the internal application of morphine, oxycodone, fentanyl, lidocaine and QX-314. Each column represents the mean value of the peak currents with S.E.M. ***p<0.001 vs. control. (C) Test of sidedness of fentanyl block using whole-cell recordings. Suppression of sodium currents by the extracellular application of 100 μM lidocaine or fentanyl was measured in the absence or presence of intracellular lidocaine (10 mM) or fentanyl (10 mM). Each column represents the mean value of the % inhibition of the peak amplitude of the sodium currents in the presence of drugs (mean ± S.E.M.).