Table 2.
Child and family characteristics of fussy and non-fussy eaters
| Fussy eaters | Non-fussy eaters | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Child characteristics |
|
N
for analysis |
N
(%) fussy eaters |
Mean (SEM)
|
Mean (SEM)
|
t
|
df
|
p
|
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) |
|
4896 |
275 (5.6) |
39.92 (0.11) |
39.84 (0.03) |
-0.75 |
4894 |
.45 |
| Birth weight (g) |
|
4909 |
276 (5.6) |
3374 (34.2) |
3446 (8.3) |
2.03 |
4907 |
.04 |
| BMI child around 4 y |
|
3117 |
181 (5.8) |
15.45 (0.09) |
15.84 (0.03) |
3.82 |
3115 |
<.01 |
| BMI (SDS) child around 4 y1 |
|
3117 |
181 (5.8) |
-0.18 (0.07) |
0.10 (0.02) |
3.90 |
3115 |
<.01 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
% |
% |
Χ
2
|
df
|
p
|
| Sex |
Girl |
4914 |
277 (5.6) |
43.3 |
50.4 |
5.27 |
1 |
.02 |
| Birth weight |
Low (<= 2500 g) |
4909 |
276 (5.6) |
5.1 |
4.9 |
0.01 |
1 |
.91 |
| Child ethnicity |
Non-Western |
4875 |
270 (5.5) |
31.5 |
24.0 |
7.85 |
1 |
.01 |
| Firstborn |
Yes |
4914 |
277 (5.6) |
53.8 |
56.9 |
1.04 |
1 |
.31 |
| Only child at 4 years |
Yes |
4832 |
271 (5.6) |
23.2 |
21.5 |
0.48 |
1 |
.49 |
| Daycare attendance at 3 years |
No |
4332 |
241 (5.6) |
7.1 |
6.0 |
2.34 |
2 |
.31 |
| |
Yes, < 8 h/week |
|
|
19.9 |
16.7 |
|
|
|
| |
Yes, ≥ 8 h/week |
|
|
73.0 |
77.3 |
|
|
|
| Weight status 4 years2 |
Underweight |
3117 |
181 (5.8) |
19.3 |
12.3 |
8.02 |
2 |
.02 |
| |
Normal weight |
|
|
73.5 |
78.6 |
|
|
|
| |
Overweight/obese |
|
|
7.2 |
9.1 |
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Family characteristics |
|
|
|
Mean (SEM)
|
Mean (SEM)
|
t
|
df
|
p
|
| Age mother at intake (years) |
|
4914 |
277 (5.6) |
30.82 (.28) |
31.55 (.07) |
2.55 |
4912 |
.01 |
| Maternal feeding behavior |
Monitoring, z-score |
4862 |
274 (5.6) |
-.24 (.06) |
.02 (.02) |
3.51 |
295.81 |
<.01 |
| |
Restricting, z-score |
4862 |
274 (5.6) |
-.008 (.06) |
-.002 (.02) |
0.19 |
302.04 |
.85 |
| |
Pressuring, z-score |
4862 |
274 (5.6) |
.77 (.06) |
-.04 (.01) |
-18.00 |
340.17 |
<.01 |
| BMI mother before pregnancy |
|
3703 |
207 (5.6) |
23.11 (3.5) |
23.31 (3.9) |
0.70 |
3701 |
.49 |
| BMI partner at intake |
|
3634 |
186 (5.1) |
25.17 (3.4) |
25.18 (3.3) |
0.03 |
3632 |
.97 |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
% |
% |
Χ
2
|
df
|
p
|
| No. of overweight parents (BMI > 25) |
1 |
4255 |
235 (5.5) |
44.3 |
42.4 |
0.85 |
2 |
.66 |
| |
2 |
|
|
8.1 |
9.8 |
|
|
|
| At least 1 underweight parent (BMI <18.5) |
|
4910 |
277 (5.6) |
3.6 |
3.0 |
0.38 |
1 |
.54 |
| Marital status |
Single |
4677 |
255 (5.5) |
8.6 |
7.9 |
0.19 |
1 |
.66 |
| Family income (€/month) |
< 2200 |
4081 |
224 (5.5) |
42.0 |
31.8 |
9.97 |
1 |
<.01 |
| Educational level mother |
Less than college |
4704 |
253 (5.4) |
54.5 |
41.4 |
17.07 |
1 |
<.01 |
| Smoking during pregnancy | Yes | 4413 | 242 (5.5) | 24.4 | 21.2 | 1.36 | 1 | .24 |
Note: results from independent sample t-tests (continuous variables) and chi-square tests (categorical variables). SEM = standard error of mean. N = number of observations, df = degrees of freedom, t = t-value, Χ2 = Chi-square-value, p = probability for two-sided tests. SDS BMI is standardized to the Dutch population, z-scores are standardized to the population for analysis. 1[25,26]2[27,28].