Table 2.

Completed glioma virotherapy trials

Trial Phase	Disease	Virus and Effectors	Delivery and Dosing	Results	Median Survival, mo	Year [Reference]
I/II	Recurrent GBM	NDV-HUJ	Intrapatient dose escalation with 0.1–11 BIU + 3 cycles of 55 BIU i.v. or 2 × 11 BIU/wk i.v.	Maximum tolerated dose not reached; 1/11 CR, not durable; virus recoverable from body fluids	7.4	2006 [64]
IB	Recurrent GBM	G207: ICP6-inactivated and ICP34.5-deleted HSV	1.5 × 108 pfu i.t. 2–5 days before surgery + 1 × 109 pfu into resection cavity	No dose-limiting toxicities; no CR or PR; immune cell infiltration posttreatment detectable	6.6	2009 [58]
I	Recurrent malignant gliomas	Reovirus	1 × 107–1 × 109 TCID50 i.t.	Maximum tolerated dose not reached; 1/11 SD; virus shedding detectable, but not persistent	4.8	2008 [72]
I	Recurrent malignant glioma	ONYX-015: E1B and E3-deleted AdV	1 × 107–1 × 1010 pfu into resection cavity	Maximum tolerated dose not reached; immune cell infiltration in recurrences of treated tumors	6.2	2004 [60]
I	High-grade glioma	HSV1716: ICP34.5-deleted HSV	1 × 105 pfu into resection cavity + radio- and chemotherapy as needed	No virus-associated toxicity; 3/12 SD	n.d.	2004 [54]
I	Malignant glioma	HSV1716: ICP34.5-deleted HSV	1 × 105 pfu i.t. + resection 4–9 days later	No adverse effects; 1/12 CR; viral DNA recoverable; indication for intratumoral viral replication	n.d.	2002 [53]
I	Recurrent malignant glioma	HSV1716: ICP34.5-deleted HSV	1 × 105 pfu i.t + standard of care	Well tolerated; no reactivation of latent HSV	n.d.	2000 [52]
I	Malignant glioma	G207: ICP6-inactivated and ICP34.5-deleted HSV	1 × 106–3 × 109 pfu i.t.	No virus-associated toxicity; viral DNA recoverable	6.2	2000 [57]

Abbreviations: BIU, billion infectious units (ie, 1 × 10⁹ 50% egg infectious dose); CR, complete response; n.d., not determined; PR, partial response; SD, stable disease; TCID₅₀, 50% tissue cell infectious dose.