Table 2.
Distribution of demographic and socioeconomic variables in women cooking with wood versus gas a
| |
Wood group |
Gas group |
Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 1255 | n = 253 | ||
|
Maternal characteristics | |||
| Ageb,*,** |
|
|
0.0877 |
| < 20 years |
104 (8.3%) |
13 (5.1%) |
|
| > 20 years |
1151 (91.7%) |
240 (94.9%) |
|
| BMI at delivery*,**,# (kg/m2) |
20.6 ± 2.3 |
21.3 ± 2.3 |
<0.0001 |
| Gravidity*,**,# |
2.01 ± 1.3 |
1.9 ± 1.2 |
0.1542 |
|
Maternal habits | |||
| Smoked during pregnancy |
2 (0.2%) |
0 (0%) |
1 |
| Chewed tobacco during pregnancy*,# |
346 (27.6%) |
13 (5.1%) |
<0.001 |
|
Socio-demographics | |||
| Cohort |
|
|
0.6226 |
| Jharkhand |
492 (39.2%) |
95 (37.6%) |
|
| Chhattisgarh |
763 (60.8%) |
158 (62.4%) |
|
| Married |
1253 (99.8%) |
253 (100.0%) |
1.0000 |
| Caste*,**,# |
|
|
<0.0001 |
| Historically disadvantagedc |
1092 (87.2%) |
142 (56.1%) |
|
| General |
161 (12.9%) |
111 (43.9%) |
|
| Time spent cooking daily*,**,# (hours) |
2.85 ± 1.0 |
2.5 ± 0.9 |
<0.0001 |
| House has windows# |
818 (65.2%) |
226 (89.3%) |
<0.0001 |
| Agricultural work*,**,# |
294 (23.4%) |
7 (2.8%) |
<0.0001 |
| Formal schooling ≤ 5 years*,**,# |
689 (54.9%) |
42 (16.6%) |
<0.0001 |
| Impermanent/semi-permanent roofing*,**,# |
1209 (96.3%) |
101 (39.9%) |
<0.0001 |
| Impermanent/semi-permanent flooring*,**,# |
1099 (87.6%) |
38 (15.0%) |
<0.0001 |
| Impermanent/semi-permanent wall material*,**,# |
1105 (88.0%) |
41 (16.2%) |
<0.0001 |
| Owns radio*,**,# |
312 (21.9%) |
144 (56.9% ) |
<0.0001 |
| Owns electric fan*,**,# |
394 (31.4%) |
228 (90.1%) |
<0.0001 |
| Owns room cooler*,**,# |
45 (3.6%) |
125 (49.4%) |
<0.0001 |
| Owns television*,# |
400 (31.9%) |
400 (88.9%) |
<0.0001 |
| Owns refridgerator*,**,# |
7 (0.6%) |
72 (28.5%) |
<0.0001 |
| Owns motorcycle*,**,# |
148 (11.5%) |
156 (61.7%) |
<0.0001 |
| Owns 4 wheel vehicle*,** |
14 (1.1%) |
29 (11.5%) |
<0.0001 |
|
Antenatal care and complications | |||
| Inadequate antenatal visits (<4)*,**,# |
826 (66.4%) |
93 (36.8%) |
<0.0001 |
| Taking iron*,**,# |
958 (76.4%) |
220 (87.0%) |
0.0002 |
| Taking folate*,**,# |
906 (72.3%) |
21 (83.0%) |
0.0004 |
| Antenatal vaginal bleeding |
16 (1.3%) |
4 (1.6%) |
0.6989 |
| Fever in week prior to delivery |
92 (7.4%) |
17 (6.8%) |
0.7336 |
|
Delivery characteristics and complications | |||
| Male infant |
687 (54.7%) |
139 (54.9%) |
0.9536 |
| Hypertension at deliveryb,*,# |
256 (20.4%) |
66 (26.1%) |
0.044 |
| Hemoglobin at delivery*,** |
10.1 ± 1.8 |
10.7 ± 1.7 |
<0.0001 |
| Placental or peripheral parasitemia at delivery*,** |
45 (3.6%) |
6 (2.4%) |
0.324 |
| Gestational age at delivery | 37.0 ± 1.6 | 37.7 ± 1.5 | <0.0001 |
aLimited to subjects with singleton gestation. Values represent n(%) or mean ± STD.
bAge categorized as many women unable to recall their birth date.
cHistorically disadvantaged castes include Scheduled Caste, Other Backward Caste, and Scheduled Tribes.
*Significantly associated with birth weight (95% confidence interval for effect size does not include 0 grams).
**Significantly associated with low birth weight (95% confidence interval for odds ratio does not include 1).
#Significantly associated with preterm birth (95% confidence interval for odds ratio does not include 1). Gestational age not tested for significance as used to determine whether preterm birth occurred.