Table 1.
Subject characteristics
| Characteristics | Pediatric BD (n=36) | Adult BD (n=26) | Pediatric HC (n=57) | Adult HC (n =62) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)a | 14.77±2.55 | 41.70±10.30 | 14.30±2.57 | 34.24±9.54 |
| WASI full-scale IQb | 110.06±13.38 | 115.60±11.69 | 112.30±13.33 | 116.09±11.63 |
| Age of onset (years)c | 10.74±3.30 | 21.44±9.18 | – | – |
| YMRSd | 9.39±5.98 | 4.92±5.19 | – | – |
| CDRS | 27.78±8.90 | – | – | – |
| SIGH-SADe | – | 16.79±10.91 | – | – |
| No. of medications | 2.21±1.50 | 2.11±1.55 | 0 | 0 |
| Male | 19/36 (52.8) | 8/26 (30.8) | 27/57 (47.4) | 24/62 (38.7) |
| Bipolar typef | ||||
| BD-I | 31/36 (86.1) | 13/26 (50.0) | – | – |
| BD-II | 5/36 (13.9) | 13/26 (50.0) | – | – |
| Mood stated,e | ||||
| Euthymic | 22/36 (61.1) | 14/24 (58.3) | – | – |
| Depressedg | 3/36 (8.3) | 7/24 (29.2) | – | – |
| Hypo/manich | 9/36 (25.0) | 1/24 (4.2) | – | – |
| Mixed | 2/36 (5.6) | 2/24 (8.3) | – | – |
| Co-morbid conditionsi,j | ||||
| Any co-morbidity | 25/36 (69.4) | 9/15 (60.0) | – | – |
| Any anxiety disorderk | 14/36 (38.9) | 9/26 (34.6) | – | – |
| ADHDj | 15/36 (41.7) | 0/9 (0) | ||
| ODD or CDl | 11/36 (30.6) | 0/26 (0) | – | – |
| Any substance abuse/dependence | 0/36 (0) | 1/26 (3.8) | – | – |
| Medicationm | ||||
| Unmedicated | 9/35 (25.7) | 3/24 (12.5) | 57 (100) | 62 (100) |
| Atypical antipsychotic | 16/35 (45.7) | 6/24 (25.0) | – | – |
| Lithium | 12/35 (34.3) | 6/24 (25.0) | – | – |
| Antiepilepticn | 18/35 (51.4) | 20/24 (83.3) | – | – |
| Antidepressant | 10/35 (28.6) | 10/24 (41.7) | – | – |
| Stimulantso | 8/35 (22.9) | 0 (0) | – | – |
Adult groups were older than children groups (p’s<0.001). Adult BD patients were older than adult HC (p<0.005).
Missing data from one adult BD, one child HC and seven adult HC.
Missing data from one pediatric BD. Pediatric BD patients had an earlier age of onset than adult BD patients (p<0.001).
Missing data from two adult BD patients. Higher YMRS scores in pediatric than in adult BD patients (p<0.005).
Missing data from two adult BD patients.
Pediatric BD were more likely to be type I compared to adult BD (p<0.005).
Adult BD were more likely to be depressed compared to pediatric BD (p<0.05).
Pediatric BD were more likely to be hypomanic compared to adult BD (p<0.05).
Missing co-morbid diagnosis data from one pediatric BD.
Missing co-morbid ADHD diagnostic data from 17 adult BD.
Includes generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder.
Higher rates of ODD/CD in pediatric than in adult BD (p<0.005).
Missing medication data from one pediatric and two adult BD patients.
Adult BD patients were more likely to be taking antiepileptic medications compared to pediatric patients (p<0.01).
Pediatric BD patients were more likely to be taking stimulant medications compared to adult patients (p<0.01).