Table 3. Genome sizes, C+G contents, and correlations between genome or chromosome size and C+G content in different phyla and species analyzed.
Kingdom, phylum, or speciesa | No. of chrsb | Average genome sizec | Genome C+G contentd (%) | Genome (A+T)/(C+G) ratio | Spearman correlation (chr size and C+G)e (R) |
Archaeans | |||||
Crenarchaeota | 42 | 2,072,521 | 43.2 | 1.32 | −0.52f ** |
Euryarchaeota | 6 | 3,388,400 | 63.3 | 0.58 | 0.60 NS |
Nanoarchaeota | 8 | 135,584 | 27.6 | 2.62 | 0.62 NS |
Thaumarchaeota | 5 | 1,970,970 | 43.0 | 1.33 | 0.50 NS |
Bacteria: Gram-positive | |||||
Actinobacteria | 37 | 5,162,387 | 67.0 | 0.49 | 0.73 ** |
Firmicutes | 59 | 3,360,830 | 40.1 | 1.49 | 0.03 NS |
Tenericutes | 88 | 857,257 | 29.3 | 2.41 | 0.11 NS |
Bacteria: Gram-negative | |||||
Aquificae | 14 | 1,638,805 | 38.7 | 1.59 | −0.06 NS |
Deinococcus | 7 | 3,064,306 | 67.3 | 0.49 | 0.18 NS |
Fusobacteria | 7 | 2,499,267 | 30.2 | 2.31 | 0.43 NS |
Nitrospirae | 4 | 2,821,645 | 51.6 | 0.94 | 0.80 NS |
Planctomycetes | 33 | 1,892,222 | 58.4 | 0.71 | 0.33 NS |
Proteobacteria | 130 | 3,195,588 | 53.3 | 0.88 | 0.84 ** |
Spirochaetes | 47 | 1,937,957 | 43.0 | 1.32 | 0.27 NS |
Verrucomicrobia | 4 | 3,664,906 | 57.5 | 0.73 | 0.80 NS |
Fungi | |||||
Ascomycota | 61 | 17,487,539 | 48.2 | 1.08 | 0.47 ** |
Basidiomycota | 42 | 18,762,089 | 48.2 | 1.08 | 0.05 NS |
Microsporidia | 36 | 2,218,723 | 41.8 | 1.39 | 0.14 NS |
Protists | |||||
Alveolata | 7 | 8,125,950 | 26.5 | 2.77 | 0.14 NS |
Cryptophyta | 14 | 540,299 | 26.0 | 2.84 | −0.27 NS |
Dicot plants | |||||
Arabidopsis thaliana | 5 | 118,960,141 | 36 | 1.78 | −0.20 NS |
Medicago truncatula | 8 | 245,176,270 | 33.2 | 2.02 | −0.31 NS |
Populus trichocarpa | 20 | 260,960,130 | 33.3 | 2 | −0.06 NS |
Solanum lycopersicum g | 10 | 718,969,627 | 34 | 1.95 | 0.49 NS |
Solanum tuberosum | 12 | 578,393,875 | 34.7 | 1.88 | 0.64 * |
Vitis vinifera | 19 | 290,237,009 | 34.4 | 1.9 | 0.37 NS |
Monocot plants | |||||
Brachypodium distachyon | 10 | 224,012,348 | 46.3 | 1.16 | −0.47 NS |
Oryza sativa | 12 | 370,733,456 | 43.6 | 1.3 | 0.47 NS |
Sorghum bicolor | 9 | 549,132,399 | 43.8 | 1.28 | 0.32 NS |
Zea mays | 10 | 2,031,824,535 | 46.9 | 1.13 | −0.44 NS |
Animals: non-mammalian | |||||
Apis mellifera | 14 | 164,585,183 | 34.7 | 1.88 | 0.27 NS |
Caenorhabditis elegans | 6 | 100,269,912 | 35.4 | 1.82 | −0.54 NS |
Danio rerio | 26 | 1,474,835,229 | 36.8 | 1.72 | 0.27 NS |
Drosophila melanogaster | 6 | 120,290,946 | 42.4 | 1.36 | 0.26 NS |
Gallus gallus | 33 | 1,169,412,079 | 42.1 | 1.37 | −0.81 ** |
Taeniopygia guttata | 35 | 1,014,970,640 | 41.0 | 1.44 | −0.91 ** |
Animals: non-primate mammalian | |||||
Bos taurus | 9 | 1,068,912,767 | 40.9 | 1.44 | 0.02 NS |
Canis lupus familiaris | 11 | 898,613,247 | 41.8 | 1.39 | −0.08 NS |
Equus caballus | 32 | 2,335,454,483 | 41.2 | 1.42 | −0.10 NS |
Mus musculus | 26 | 1,135,801,574 | 41.2 | 1.42 | 0.21 NS |
Oryctolagus cuniculus | 23 | 2,603,978,348 | 43.7 | 1.29 | −0.50 ** |
Rattus norvegicus | 45 | 5,058,733,204 | 42 | 1.38 | −0.23 NS |
Sus scrofa | 19 | 2,231,281,778 | 41.7 | 1.4 | 0.01 NS |
Animals: primate | |||||
Callithrix jacchus | 23 | 2,177,235,585 | 41.1 | 1.43 | −0.31 NS |
Homo sapiens | 190 | 2,804,441,965 | 40.9 | 1.44 | −0.12 NS |
Macaca mulatta | 23 | 2,871,002,222 | 40.9 | 1.45 | −0.48 * |
Pan troglodytes | 25 | 2,752,354,403 | 40.7 | 1.46 | −0.56 ** |
Pongo abelii | 26 | 3,093,520,335 | 40.7 | 1.46 | −0.43 ** |
From archaeans to protists: by phylum or large group; from plants to animals: by species.
The number of chromosomes. Because archaeans and bacteria (except for the three archaean species in the Euryarchaeota group, as shown in Figure 7) have one chromosome per cell, the number equals the genome number (except for the Euryarchaeota group of archaeans. Euryarchaeota. The average genome size in Euryarchaeota was 3,388,400 bp).
From archaeans to protists: average genome size of all the species in the phylum or large group; from animals to plants: genome size of the species.
The overall C+G content when all the genomes or chromosomes were pooled.
The size and C+G content of each chromosome were calculated first, and then sizes and C+G contents were used to calculate the Spearman R value.
R = 0.04 after removing Sulfolobus spp.
Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) chromosomes 8 and 12 were omitted from this calculation because NCBI did not have the complete sequences of those chromosomes at the time of downloading.
*, **, and NS: Significant (P<0.05), highly significant (P<0.01) and not significant (P>0.05) according to the “algorithm AS 89” test (see Methods for more details).