Fao cells were treated with pioglitazone at different doses (0, 2, 5, and 10 µM for 24 h) (A) or for different periods of time (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h with 10 µM) (B). Western blots of cell lysates from Fao cells treated with or without pioglitazone were probed with anti-fetuin-A antibody (A1) (B1). Fetuin-A protein levels were determined using α-tubulin as an endogenous reference, and fetuin-A levels without pioglitazone (A2) or at 0 h (B2) were defined as 100% (CTL). Western blots of Fao cell supernatants with or without 10 µM pioglitazone for 24 h were probed with anti-fetuin-A antibody (C1). Fetuin-A protein levels from experiments without pioglitazone were defined as 100% (CTL). Mean ± SD were calculated from at least three independent experiments. *P<0.05 vs. CTL.