Table 1.

Key population study findings that relate vitamin D deficiency with cardiovascular disease and its risk factors

Study	n	Findings
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination	+13 000	↑↑ Body mass index, blood pressure, lipids and hyperglycaemia in subjects with low 25-OH D levels
1958 British Birth Cohort	6810
German National Health Survey and Examination	4093
Health Professional's Follow-up Study	613	25-OH D <15 vs. ≥30 ng/mL with three-fold ↑↑ risk for future HTN
Nurse's Health Study	1198
Framingham Offspring Study	1739	↑↑ Incidence of CVD events with 25-OH D <15 ng/mL
Women's Health Initiative	36 282	No CVD benefit to low-dose vitamin D in postmenopausal women