Table 1. Univariate and multivariate analysis of the associations between psychological distress and demographic, medical, lifestyle, and social factors among the total study population^a .

Variables	No. of persons with psychological distress /No. of participants	Univariate OR (95% CI)	Multivariate OR (95% CI)b
Sex
​ Male	1146/20 168	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
​ Female	1775/23 548	1.35 (1.25–1.46)	1.58 (1.41–1.76)
Age group (years)
​ 40–44	316/3702	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
​ 45–49	380/4739	0.93 (0.80–1.09)	0.93 (0.79–1.09)
​ 50–54	390/5712	0.79 (0.67–0.92)	0.79 (0.67–0.93)
​ 55–59	398/6734	0.67 (0.58–0.79)	0.65 (0.56–0.77)
​ 60–64	226/4461	0.57 (0.48–0.68)	0.54 (0.45–0.65)
​ 65–69	240/5091	0.53 (0.45–0.63)	0.52 (0.43–0.63)
​ 70–74	296/5242	0.64 (0.54–0.76)	0.57 (0.47–0.68)
​ 75–79	281/4167	0.78 (0.66–0.92)	0.60 (0.50–0.72)
​ 80–84	214/2347	1.08 (0.90–1.29)	0.74 (0.60–0.91)
​ ≥85	180/1521	1.44 (1.19–1.75)	0.87 (0.69–1.08)
History of diseases
​ Hypertension	907/12 658	1.11 (1.03–1.21)	1.17 (1.07–1.28)
​ Diabetes mellitus	319/3819	1.31 (1.16–1.48)	1.26 (1.11–1.44)
​ Stroke	156/1012	2.63 (2.21–3.14)	2.12 (1.76–2.57)
​ Myocardial infarction	122/1147	1.69 (1.40–2.05)	1.51 (1.23–1.86)
​ Cancer	225/2432	1.46 (1.27–1.68)	1.48 (1.28–1.73)
Smoking status
​ Never	1443/22 219	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
​ Former	553/9030	0.94 (0.85–1.04)	1.15 (1.01–1.31)
​ Current	701/9699	1.12 (1.02–1.23)	1.32 (1.17–1.49)
Alcohol drinking status
​ Never	1187/17 041	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
​ Former	407/3633	1.69 (1.50–1.90)	1.49 (1.31–1.70)
​ Current	1156/20 840	0.78 (0.72–0.85)	0.94 (0.84–1.04)
Body-mass index
​ <18.5 kg/m2	226/1803	2.12 (1.82–2.45)	1.59 (1.36–1.86)
​ 18.5–24.9 kg/m2	1689/26 610	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
​ ≥25.0 kg/m2	752/12 231	0.97 (0.89–1.06)	0.96 (0.87–1.05)
Time spent walking per day
​ <30 min	1426/16 476	1.64 (1.49–1.80)	1.26 (1.14–1.40)
​ 30 min–1 hr	710/14 190	0.91 (0.82–1.02)	0.89 (0.79–0.99)
​ ≥1 hr	658/12 024	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Lack of social support:
​ (i) to consult when you are in trouble	873/5354	3.46 (3.18–3.77)	2.24 (1.97–2.56)
​ (ii) to consult when you are in bad physical condition	698/4167	3.39 (3.09–3.72)	1.24 (1.08–1.44)
​ (iii) to help with your daily housework	852/6701	2.47 (2.27–2.69)	1.12 (0.99–1.27)
​ (iv) to take you to a hospital	579/3834	2.86 (2.60–3.16)	1.27 (1.10–1.46)
​ (v) to take care of you	769/5563	2.71 (2.48–2.96)	1.42 (1.25–1.61)
No participation in community activities
​ (i) Activities of neighborhood association	1952/22 109	2.26 (2.08–2.46)	1.27 (1.15–1.41)
​ (ii) Sports or exercise	2090/23 258	2.70 (2.47–2.95)	1.63 (1.47–1.81)
​ (iii) Volunteering	2307/28 871	2.48 (2.23–2.75)	1.17 (1.03–1.32)
​ (iv) Social gatherings	2016/22 568	2.48 (2.27–2.71)	1.31 (1.18–1.46)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

^aThe K6 was used as an indicator of psychological distress,^3,4 with a cut-off point of ≥13 out of 24 points.¹⁵

^bIn the multivariate models, all variables shown in Table 1 were adjusted for each other.