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. 2009 Nov 5;19(6):294–302. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20080076

Table 2. Multivariate analysis of the association between psychological distress and demographic, medical, lifestyle, and social factors among men aged 40 to 64 yearsa .

Variables No. of persons with
psychological distress
/No. of participants		 Multivariate OR
(95% CI)b
Age group (years)    
​ 40–44 128/1802 1.00 (referent)
​ 45–49 169/2299 0.99 (0.77–1.27)
​ 50–54 173/2781 0.85 (0.67–1.09)
​ 55–59 168/3269 0.65 (0.50–0.83)
​ 60–64 98/2108 0.55 (0.41–0.73)
 
History of diseases    
​ Hypertension 164/2529 1.17 (0.96–1.42)
​ Diabetes mellitus 98/1030 1.65 (1.30–2.10)
​ Stroke 24/170 2.42 (1.51–3.89)
​ Myocardial infarction 18/173 1.62 (0.94–2.76)
​ Cancer 23/307 1.26 (0.80–1.99)
 
Smoking status    
​ Never 97/2099 1.00 (referent)
​ Former 218/3940 1.19 (0.92–1.54)
​ Current 405/6087 1.38 (1.09–1.75)
 
Alcohol drinking status    
​ Never 107/1622 1.00 (referent)
​ Former 89/775 1.52 (1.11–2.07)
​ Current 531/9746 0.89 (0.71–1.11)
 
Body-mass index    
​ <18.5 kg/m2 39/266 2.20 (1.51–3.21)
​ 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 457/7749 1.00 (referent)
​ ≥25.0 kg/m2 235/4135 0.94 (0.79–1.12)
 
Time spent walking per day    
​ <30 min 330/4418 1.13 (0.94–1.37)
​ 30 min–1 hr 177/3807 0.80 (0.64–0.98)
​ ≥1 hr 217/3847 1.00 (referent)
 
Lack of social support:    
​ (i) to consult when you are
​  in trouble		 339/2269 2.87 (2.30–3.58)
​ (ii) to consult when you are
​  in bad physical condition		 258/1777 1.11 (0.87–1.41)
​ (iii) to help with your daily
​  housework		 274/2205 1.23 (0.98–1.53)
​ (iv) to take you to a hospital 185/1340 1.14 (0.86–1.50)
​ (v) to take care of you 176/1261 1.28 (0.97–1.69)
 
No participation in community activities
​ (i) Activities of neighborhood
​  association		 425/5549 1.00 (0.83–1.21)
​ (ii) Sports or exercise 480/6078 1.35 (1.12–1.63)
​ (iii) Volunteering 545/7508 1.19 (0.95–1.48)
​ (iv) Social gatherings 476/5964 1.23 (1.02–1.50)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

aThe K6 was used as an indicator of psychological distress,3,4 with a cut-off point of ≥13 out of 24 points.15

bIn the multivariate models, all variables shown in Table 2 were adjusted for each other.