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. 2009 Nov 5;19(6):294–302. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20080076

Table 5. Multivariate analysis of the association between psychological distress and demographic, medical, lifestyle, and social factors among women aged 65 years or oldera .

Variables No. of persons with
psychological distress
/No. of participants		 Multivariate OR
(95% CI)b
Age group (years)    
​ 65–69 145/2768 1.00 (referent)
​ 70–74 182/2863 1.06 (0.84–1.34)
​ 75–79 176/2334 1.08 (0.84–1.37)
​ 80–84 149/1422 1.31 (1.01–1.69)
​ ≥85 149/1072 1.49 (1.14–1.96)
 
History of diseases    
​ Hypertension 387/4609 1.14 (0.98–1.33)
​ Diabetes mellitus 95/1094 1.01 (0.80–1.28)
​ Stroke 62/336 1.86 (1.37–2.51)
​ Myocardial infarction 52/382 1.46 (1.06–2.00)
​ Cancer 84/701 1.61 (1.25–2.08)
 
Smoking status    
​ Never 620/8138 1.00 (referent)
​ Former 34/346 0.94 (0.64–1.39)
​ Current 25/290 0.92 (0.59–1.43)
 
Alcohol drinking status    
​ Never 548/7136 1.00 (referent)
​ Former 65/534 1.42 (1.06–1.91)
​ Current 80/1324 1.01 (0.78–1.31)
 
Body-mass index    
​ <18.5 kg/m2 73/553 1.38 (1.04–1.83)
​ 18.5–24.9 kg/m2 387/5388 1.00 (referent)
​ ≥25.0 kg/m2 178/2795 0.84 (0.70–1.02)
 
Time spent walking per day    
​ <30 min 473/4335 1.73 (1.37–2.18)
​ 30 min–1 hr 176/3469 1.05 (0.81–1.35)
​ ≥1 hr 103/2299 1.00 (referent)
 
Lack of social support:    
​ (i) to consult when you are
​  in trouble		 143/697 1.75 (1.29–2.37)
​ (ii) to consult when you are
​  in bad physical condition		 116/522 1.63 (1.14–2.31)
​ (iii) to help with your daily
​  housework		 168/1282 1.13 (0.86–1.48)
​ (iv) to take you to a hospital 106/690 1.20 (0.88–1.63)
​ (v) to take care of you 207/1589 1.50 (1.18–1.90)
 
No participation in community activities
​ (i) Activities of neighborhood
​  association		 610/6034 1.38 (1.09–1.75)
​ (ii) Sports or exercise 623/5950 2.22 (1.72–2.85)
​ (iii) Volunteering 673/7419 1.69 (1.18–2.43)
​ (iv) Social gatherings 598/5800 1.57 (1.24–1.99)

Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

aThe K6 was used as an indicator of psychological distress,3,4 with a cut-off point of ≥13 out of 24 points.15

bIn the multivariate models, all variables shown in Table 5 were adjusted for each other.